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Discrete Structures (w8)

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15 views17 pages

Discrete Structures (w8)

Uploaded by

Sheikh Ahmed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Structures

Week 08
BSCS 3rd Semester (7A + 7B + 7C)
 Text Book:
Discrete Mathematics and its Applications by KENNET
H.ROSEN , 7th Edition.

 Reference Material
Applied Discrete Structures by Alan Doerr and Kenneth
Levasseur , 2.0 Edition, Published by University of
Massachusetts Lowell (Year: 2013)
Week 08 Contents
 Functions, function terminology, four ways to represent a
function. Injection, bisection, surjection, inverse functions,
composition functions.
 Relations, different representations of relations, directed
graph, arrow diagram, list / table and matrix
representation
 The inverse of a relation, complement of a relation,
properties of relations. Reflexive, symmetric, anti-
symmetric, asymmetric and transitive.
Introduction to Functions
 In many instances we assign to each element of a set a
particular element of a second set (which may be the
same as the first). For example, suppose that each
student in a discrete mathematics class is assigned a
letter grade from the set {A, B, C, D, F}.
Functions Definition
 Let A and B be nonempty sets. A function f from A to
B is an assignment of exactly one element of B to each
element of A. We write f (a) = b if b is the unique
element of B assigned by the function f to the element
a of A. If f is a function from A to B, we write f : A → B.

Remark:
 Functions are sometimes also called mappings or
transformations
Domain, Co Domain, Range
 If f is a function from A to B, we say that
 A is the domain of f.

 B is the codomain of f.

 If f (a) = b, we say that b is the image of a and a is a


preimage of b.

 The range of f is the set of all images of elements of A.


Domain, Co Domain, Range
Function Types
1. Injective (One-to-One) Functions.

2. Surjective (Onto) Functions.

3. Bijective (One-to-One Onto) Functions.


Injective (One-to-One)
Functions
 A function f is said to be one-to-one, or an

injunction, if and only if f (a) = f (b) implies that a = b


for all a and b in the domain of f. A function is said to
be injective if it is one-to-one.
Surjective (Onto) Functions:
 A function f from A to B is called onto, or a
surjection, if and only if for every element b ∈ B there
is an element a ∈ A with f (a) = b. A function f is
called surjective if it is onto.
Examples
Bijective (One-to-One Onto)
Functions.
 The function f is a one-to-one correspondence, or

a bijection, if it is both one-to-one and onto. We


also say that such a function is bijective
Inverse Functions.
 Let f be a one-to-one correspondence from the set A to
the set B. The inverse function of f is the function that
assigns to an element b belonging to B the unique element
a in A such that f (a) = b. The inverse function of f is
denoted by f−1. Hence, f−1(b) = a when f (a) = b.

 A one-to-one correspondence is called invertible because


we can define an inverse of this function.

 A function is not invertible if it is not a one-to-one


correspondence, because the inverse of such a
function does not exist.
Inverse Functions.
Composition Functions.
 Let g be a function from the set A to the set B and let f
be a function from the set B to the set C. The
composition of the functions f and g, denoted for all a
∈ A by f ◦ g, is defined by (f ◦ g)(a) = f (g(a)).
Composition Functions
(Example)
 Let g be the function from the set {a, b, c} to itself

such that g(a) = b, g(b) = c, and g(c) = a.

 Let f be the function from the set {a, b, c} to the set


{1, 2, 3} such that f (a) = 3, f (b) = 2, and f (c) = 1.

 What is the composition of f and g, and what is the


composition of?

 The composition f ◦ g is defined by (f ◦ g)(a) = f


(g(a)) = f (b) = 2, (f ◦ g) (b) = f (g(b)) = f (c) = 1,
and (f ◦ g)(c) = f (g(c)) = f (a) = 3
Composition Functions
(Example)
 Let f and g be the functions from the set of integers to the

set of integers defined by f (x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x + 2.

 What is the composition of f and g? What is the


composition of g and f.

 Both the compositions f ◦ g and g ◦ f are defined.


(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (3x + 2) =
2(3x + 2) + 3 = 6x + 7

And

 (g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 3) = 3(2x + 3) + 2 = 6x


+ 11.

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