School of Computing Science and Engineering

Course Code : E2UC102C Name: Programming for Problem Solving

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND
ALGORITHMS

FLOWCHART

Name of the Faculty: Tarachand Verma Program Name:B.Tech(CSE)

 Objectives

• Introduction to Flow Chart

• Structures of Flowchart
• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case
Introduction to FlowChart

3
 Introduction to FlowChart

START

Display message
“How many
hours did you
• A flowchart is a diagram that work?”

depicts the “flow” of a program. Read Hours

• The figure shown here is a Display message

flowchart for the pay-calculating

“How much do
you get paid per
hour?”
program
Read PayRate

Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.

Display
GrossPay

END
4
 Basic Flowchart Symbols
START Terminal

Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”

• Terminals Read Hours

• represented by rounded Display message

rectangles “How much do
you get paid per
• indicate a starting or hour?”

ending point
Read PayRate

Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
START Store result in
GrossPay.

Display
GrossPay

END Terminal
END

5
 Basic Flowchart Symbols
START

Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”

• Input/Output Operations Read Hours

• represented by Display message

parallelograms “How much do
you get paid per
Input/Output
Operation
• indicate an input or hour?”

output operation
Read PayRate

Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Display message Store result in
GrossPay.
“How many
Read Hours
hours did you Display
GrossPay
work?”
END

6
 Introduction to Flowchart
START

Display message
“How many
hours did you
work?”

• Processes Read Hours

• represented by rectangles Display message

• indicates a process such as “How much do
you get paid per
a mathematical hour?”

computation or variable
assignment Read PayRate

Multiply Hours
by PayRate.
Process Store result in
Multiply Hours GrossPay.
by PayRate.
Store result in Display
GrossPay
GrossPay.
END

7
 Structures of Flowchart

• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case

8
 Sequence

• A series of actions are performed in sequence

• The pay-calculating example was a sequence flowchart.

9
 Decision Structure

• The flowchart segment below shows how a decision structure is expressed in C++
as an if/else statement.

Flowchart C Code

Yes No if (x > y)
x>y? printf(“X is bigger”);
else
printf(“Y is bigger”);
X is Big Y is Big

10
 Decision Structure

• The flowchart segment below shows a decision structure with only one action to
perform. It is expressed as an if statement in C++ code.

Flowchart C++ Code

NO YES if (x < y)
x < y? a = x * 2;

Calculate a
as x times 2.

11
 Repetition Structure

• The flowchart segment below shows a repetition structure expressed in C++ as a

while loop.

Flowchart C Code

while (x < y)

YES x=x+1;
x<y? Add 1 to x

No

12
 Controlling a Repetition Structure

• The action performed by a repetition structure must eventually cause the loop to
terminate. Otherwise, an infinite loop is created.
• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once the loop starts, it will never
end.
• QUESTION: How can this
flowchart be modified so
it is no longer an infinite YES
loop? x < y? Display x

13
 Controlling a Repetition Structure

• ANSWER: By adding an action within the repetition that changes the value of x.

YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x

14
 Case Structure

If years_employed = 2, If years_employed = 3,
bonus is set to 200 bonus is set to 400
If years_employed = 1, CASE If years_employed is
years_employed more than 3, bonus is
bonus is set to 100
set to 800
1 2 3 Other

bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800

15
 Connectors

•The “A” connector

indicates that the second START A

flowchart segment begins

where the first segment
ends.

END
A

16
 Modules

START
•The position of the module
symbol indicates the point the Read Input.
module is executed.
•A separate flowchart can be Call calc_pay

constructed for the module. function.

Display results.

END

17
 Combining Structures

• This flowchart segment

shows two decision
structures combined. NO YES
x > min?

Display “x is NO YES
outside the limits.”
x < max?

Display “x is Display “x is
outside the limits.” within limits.”

18
 Review

• What do each of the following symbols represent?

(Answer on next slide)

19
 Introduction to FlowChart

• What do each of the following symbols represent?

Decision
Terminal

Input/Output
Operation Connector

Process Module

20
Example- Adding Two Numbers

21
Example- Finding an Item
Example

23
 References

• E. Balagurusamy 7th Edition, Programming ANSI C, McGraw-Hill

• Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C programming Language,
Prentice-Hall in 1988
• Byron Gottfried, Programming with C, Schaum's Outline

Program Name: B.Tech (CSE)