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Lec 2

X-ray Production

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34 views27 pages

Lec 2

X-ray Production

Uploaded by

rasool.mohammed199793
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

ASHUR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT

X-ray Production
Medical Instrumentation
Third Stage – First Term

Rasool AL-Gburi

1
Outline

 Electron Interactions with Target Atoms


 Outer Shell Interactions
 Inner Shell Interactions
 Interactions with the Nucleus
 Emissions Spectra of the entire Beam
 Properties of X-rays

2
Electron Interactions with Target
Atoms
The wavelengths and energy levels of the x-rays in
the beam are determined by the specific
interactions of the electrons with the atoms in the
anode. Atoms with a high atomic number will have
much larger nuclei and a LOT more orbital electrons
with which the high-speed electrons from the

Rasoolcathode
AL-Gburi may interact. 3
Electron Interactions with Target
Atoms
Because there is more for the high-speed electrons,
incident electrons, to interact with, a lot more
interactions occur and those that do occur will
result in the production of higher energy x-rays.
This is the primary reason Tungsten (atomic number
74) is chosen as the target material on the anode.

Rasool AL-Gburi 4
Electron Interactions with Target
Atoms
When the electrons slam into the anode at high
speed, they interact in one of three locations: with
an outer shell orbital electron, with an inner shell
orbital electron, or with the nucleus. What gets
created depends on where the incident electron
interacts.

Rasool AL-Gburi 5
Outer Shell Interactions

When the incident electron (electrons emitted at the


filament) interacts with an outer shell electron,
energy is transferred from the high-speed electron
that causes the outer shell electron to become
excited. When the outer shell electron absorbs more
energy that the binding energy that keeps it in its

Rasoolorbital,
AL-Gburi it jumps up to the next higher electron shell. 6
Outer Shell Interactions

However, it leaves a vacancy in its normal orbital.


To return to its normal orbital, the excited electron
releases the excess energy in the form of infrared
radiation – heat. 99% of all incident electron
interactions create heat.
Infrared radiation is part of the electromagnetic

Rasoolspectrum.
AL-Gburi It has a longer wavelength and a lower 7
Inner Shell Interactions

Some incident electrons make it past the outer shell


and interact with inner shell electrons. To
understand these interactions that occur between
the incident electrons and inner shell electrons of
the target atoms, we need to understand electron
binding energies – the energy that keeps the
electrons in place around an atom.
Rasool AL-Gburi 8
Inner Shell Interactions

Electrons are contained in orbitals or shell in


organized levels around the nucleus. Because the
nucleus has a positive charge and electrons are
negative, there is a force attracting the electrons
toward the nucleus. This attractive called force
electron binding energy because it binds the

Rasoolelectrons
AL-Gburi in place keeping them in their orbital 9
Inner Shell Interactions

The electron binding energy on a particular electron


is dependent on two factors:
 How many protons are in the nucleus
 How far the orbital electron is from the nucleus.

Rasool AL-Gburi 10
Inner Shell Interactions

In the interaction between an incident electron and


an inner shell electron, the high-speed electron
passes near an inner shell orbital electron. Because
both electrons have a negative charge and like
charges repel, the repulsive force between the two
electrons ejects the orbital electron from its orbit.

Rasool AL-Gburi 11
Inner Shell Interactions

Characteristic Interactions: Happen in 2 steps.


In the first, the incident electron from the filament
interacts with an inner shell electron, ejecting it
from its orbit.
In the second, an outer shell electron loses energy
in the form of a characteristic x-ray so that it can

Rasooldrop into
AL-Gburi the inner shell vacancy. 12
Inner Shell Interactions

Characteristic Interactions

Rasool AL-Gburi 13
Inner Shell Interactions

Characteristic radiation makes up a small portion,


less than 15%, of the total x-ray beam.
Characteristic x-rays are completely dependent on
the difference in energy levels between the orbits in
the atom.
Since the binding energies for each orbital level are

Rasoolknown,
AL-Gburi energy of each characteristic x-ray produced 14
Inner Shell Interactions

For tungsten atoms, the innermost orbital electrons


have a binding energy of 69.5 keV.
Since the more distant orbitals have binding
energies ranging from 0.5 to 12 keV, we can expect
all characteristic x-rays produced in a tungsten
target to have energies between 57.5 and 69 keV.

Rasool AL-Gburi 15
Inner Shell Interactions

The graph of the number of characteristic x-ray


photons at each energy level is a series of vertical
lines. These lines will be clustered into two groups,
one for x-rays released by electrons filling L-shell
vacancies and another for x-ray released by
electrons filling K-shell vacancies.

Rasool AL-Gburi 16
Inner Shell Interactions

The graphs of the number of photons at each energy


level is called emissions spectra. When referring to
the shape of the emissions spectra created by
characteristic x-rays, we use the term “discrete”
because each spike stands separately from the next
one.

Rasool AL-Gburi 17
Inner Shell Interactions

Characteristic X-Ray Emission Spectra

Rasool AL-Gburi 18
Interactions with the Nucleus

If the high-energy electron passes near the atomic


nucleus of the target atom, the positive attraction of
the nucleus will cause the electron to slow down or
brake
Bremsstrahlung means braking in German. When
the electron slows down, it is, in essence, losing

Rasoolkinetic
AL-Gburi energy. 19
Interactions with the Nucleus

The lost energy does not simply disappear, it has to


be converted to something else. In this instance the
kinetic energy lost by the electron is released as an
x-ray photon. Bremsstrahlung radiation accounts for
more than 85% of the total number of x-rays in the
beam.

Rasool AL-Gburi 20
Interactions with the Nucleus

Bremsstrahlung Interactions

Rasool AL-Gburi 21
Interactions with the Nucleus

Because the incident electrons can pass the nucleus


at different distances, the amount of deceleration
varies. The closer electron passes to the nucleus,
the greater deceleration will be. Because
Bremsstrahlung interactions take place at different
distances, these interactions are responsible for the

Rasoolheterogeneous
AL-Gburi or poly-energetic nature of the x-ray 22
Interactions with the Nucleus

The distance the electron will pass from the nucleus


is a function of statistical probability.
Electrons passing further from the nucleus do not
slow down very much, they emit lower energy x-
rays.
Electrons pass closer to the nucleus the energies of

Rasoolthe emitted
AL-Gburi x-rays increases. 23
Interactions with the Nucleus

Bremsstrahlung x-rays:
have continuously
variable energies with the
greatest amplitude
occurring at
approximately 1/3 of the

RasoolkVp used
AL-Gburi to create the 24
Emissions Spectra of the entire
Beam
Combining the graph
of the Characteristic
radiation energies
with the graph of the
Bremsstrahlung
radiation energies,

Rasool AL-Gburi 25
Properties of X-rays
X-rays travel in straight lines.
X-rays diverge from their point of origin at the focal spot.

X-ray photons have many different energies.


X-rays are highly penetrating.


X-rays are invisible.


X-rays travel at the speed of light.


X-rays produce scattered radiation.


X-rays can ionize atoms.


X-rays cause some materials to fluoresce.


X-rays cause biological damage.



Rasool AL-Gburi 26
Properties of X-rays

https://umsystem.pressbooks.pub/digitalradiographicexposure
/chapter/production-and-properties-of-x-rays
/

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