Data Handing in Python

Class 11

Chapter- 7
 Introduction
• In this chapter we will learn data
types, variables, operators and
expression in detail.
• Python has a predefined set of data
types to handle the data in a program.
• We can store any type of data in
Python.
 DATA TYPES
• Data can be of any type like- character, integer,
real, string.
• Anything enclosed in “ “ is considered as string in
Python.
• Any whole value is an integer value.
• Any value with fraction part is a real value.
• True
I. or False value
Number specifies
(int like10, boolean
5) (float value.(complex
like 3.5, 302.24)
• Python
s supportslike
following
3+5i) (likecore data
“pankaj”, types-
‘pankaj’, ‘a’, “a” )
II. String like [3,4,5,”pankaj”] its elements are
III. List Mutable. like(3,4,5,”pankaj”) its
IV. Tuple elements are immutable.
V. Dictionar like {‘a’:1, ‘e’:2, ‘I’:3, ‘o’:4, ‘u’:5} where
y a,e,i,o,u

are keys
and 1,2,3,4,5 are their values.
 CORE DATA TYPES

Graphical
View
CORE
DATA TYPE

Numbers None Sequences Mappings

Floating
Integer Complex String Tuple List Dictionary
Point

Boolean
 Mutable and Immutable
• TypesData Objects are categorized in two
In Python,
types-
• Mutable (Changeable)
• Immutable (Non-Changeable)
Look at following statements carefully-
p = 10
q=p they will represent 10, 10, 10
r = 10
Now, try to change the
rvalues-
= 7 p = 17 did the values actually
q =9 change?
Answer is
NO.
Because here values are objects and p, q, r are their
reference name. To understand it, lets see the next slide.
 Variables and Values
An important fact to know is-
– In Python, values are actually objects.
– And their variable names are actually their reference
names.
Suppose we assign 10 to a
variable A. A = 10
Here, value 10 is an object and A
is its reference name.
10
Reference Object
variable
 Variables and Values
If we assign 10 to a
variable B, B will refer to
same object.
Here, we have two 10

variables, but with same

location. Referenc Object
Now, if we change value of B e
variable
like B=20
Then a new object will be created 2
0
with a new location 20 and this
object will be referenced by B. 10
 Mutable and Immutable
Types
Following data types comes under mutable
and immutable types-
• Mutable (Changeable)
– lists, dictionaries and sets.

• Immutable (Non-Changeable)
– integers, floats, Booleans, strings and tuples.
 Variable
Internals
The
• Pay attention Type
to the of an Object
following command-

here 4 is an object and its class is

int

here a is referring to the object

which is of int class.
 Variable
The Value of an Object
Internals
• Pay attention to the following command-

here value output is coming via

print()

The ID of an Object
• Pay attention to the following command-

Here value 4 and variable a

are showing same id which means
4 is an object being referenced by
a that’s why they are keeping
 Operators
• The symbols that shows a special
behavior or action when applied to
operands are called operators. For ex-
+ , - , > , < etc.
• Python supports following operators-
I. Arithmetic Operator
II. Relation Operator
III. Identity Operators
IV. Logical Operators
V. Bitwise Operators
VI. Membership Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
• Python has following binary arithmetic
operator -
• For addition + for ex- 2+3 will result in
• For subtraction to 5 for ex- 2-3 will
– result in to -1 for ex-
• For 2*3 will result in to 6 its
multiplication * result comes in fraction.
•• For division /
For quotient for ex- 13/2 will result in
// to 6.5
• For remnant its result comes as a whole
% number for ex- 13/2 will result
• For exponent into 6.
** its result comes as a whole
remnant number.For ex-13/2will
 Assignment Operators and
• shorthand
Python has following assignment operator and
shorthand -

• = a=10 , 10 will be assigned to a.

• += a+=5 is equal to a=a+5.

• -= a-=5 is equal to a=a-5.
• *= a*=5 is equal to a=a*5.
• /= a/=5 is equal to a=a/5.
• //= a//=5 is equal to a=a//5.

• %= a%=5 is equal to a=a%5.

• **= a**=5 is equal to a=a**5.

 Relational Operators
• Python uses Relational operators to check for
equality. These results into true or false.
Relational Operator are of following types-

• < Less Than like a<b

• > Greater Than like a>b
• <= Less Than and Equal to like
a<=b
• >= Greater Than and Equal to like
a>=b
• == Equal to like
a==b
• != not Equal to like a!
=b
 Identity Operators
Identity operator is also used to check for
equality. These expression also results into True or
False. Identity Operators are of following types-

• “is” if a=5 and b=5 then a is b will

operator come to True
• “is not” if a=5 and b=5 then a is not b
operator will
come to False
• Relational Operator ( == ) and Identity operator
(is) differs
in case of strings that we will see later.
 Logical Operators
• Python has two binary logical operators -
• or operator
» if a = True and b = False then a or b
will return
True.
• and operator
» If a = True and b = False then a
and b will return
False.

• Python has one Unary logical operator –

• not operator
• if a = True then not a will return False.
 Operator Associativity
• In Python, if an expression or statement
consists of multiple or more than one
operator then operator associativity
will be followed from left-to- right.

• In above given expression, first 7*8 will be calculated as 56,

then 56 will be divided by 5 and will result into 11.2,
then 11.2 again divided by 2 and will result into 5.0.
*Only in case of **, associativity will be
followed from right-to-left.

Above given example will be calculated as 3**(3**2).

 Expressions
• Python has following types of expression -

• Arithmetic Expressions like a+b, 5-4 etc.

• Relational Expressions like a>b, a==b etc.

• Logical Expressions like a>b and a>c , a or

b etc.
• String Expressions like “Pankaj” + “Kumar”
etc.
 Type
• As we know, Casting
in Python, an expression may be
consists of mixed datatypes. In such cases, python
changes data types of operands internally. This
process of internal data type conversion is
called implicit type conversion.
• One other option is explicit type conversion which is
like-
<datatype>
(identifier) For ex-
a=“4”
b=int(a)
Another ex-
If a=5 and b=10.5 then we can
convert a to float. Like d=float(a)
In python, following are the data conversion
 Working with math Module of
• Python
Python provides math module to work for
allmathematical works. We need to write following
statement in our program-
import math
output of this program will be
5.0

To get to know functions of a module, give following command-

>>>dir (math)
 Taking Input in Python
• In Python, input () function is used to take input which takes
input in the form of string. Then it will be type casted as per
requirement. For ex- to calculate volume of a cylinder,
program will be as-

• Its output will be

as-
 DEBUGGING
 Debugging in Python is the process of identifying and resolving
issues or errors in the code.

 It involves analyzing the code to find the root cause of

unexpected behavior, exceptions, or incorrect output.

 The primary goal of debugging is to locate and fix bugs,

ensuring that the code works as intended and produces the
correct results.
 Types of Built-in Exceptions
Python's built-in exceptions cover a wide range of error conditions.
Here are some of the common categories and specific exceptions:
Arithmetic Errors: These
include OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError, and FloatingPointError,
which occur during arithmetic operations.
Attribute Errors: AttributeError is raised when attribute
reference or assignment fails.
File Errors: FileNotFoundError is raised when a file or directory is
requested but doesn’t exist.
Index Errors: IndexError is raised when a sequence subscript is
out of range.
Key Errors: KeyError is raised when a dictionary key is not found.
Name Errors: NameError is raised when a local or global name is
not found.
Syntax Errors: SyntaxError is raised when the parser encounters
a syntax error.
Type Errors: TypeError is raised when an operation or function is
applied to an object of inappropriate type.
 Thank you
Please follow us on our blog-

www.pythontrends.wordpress.
com