1 Chapter 4:Device Management

Outline
2

► Introduction
► Characteristics of parallel and serial devices
► Buffering strategies
► Direct memory access
► Recovery from failure
 Introduction
3

Device management in OS
►Refers to the process of controlling and coordinating the

various hardware devices connected to a computer system

► This includes managing I/O devices
 Keyboards, monitors, printers, storage devices, and
other peripherals
► The primary goal
 To ensure efficient and reliable communication b\n the

OS and the hardware devices, allowing for seamless data

transfer and interaction.
 Device management : Importance
4

Efficient device management crucial for several reasons:

I.Resource Allocation
► CPU, memory, and I/O devices are allocated efficiently.
► Prevent conflicts

► Each device receives the necessary resources

II.System Stability
► Maintain system stability by coordinating the interaction
between the OS and hardware devices
► This includes

 Handling device interrupts

 Managing I/O operations
 Devices operate in a synchronized manner.
 Device management : Importance
5

III. Performance Optimization

► To improved system performance.
IV. User Experience
► Contribute to a seamless user experience.
► Users expect HW devices to work reliably and efficiently.

► Peripherals such as printers, monitors, and storage devices

function as expected.
 Device management : Importance
6

V. Security
► Controlling access to hardware resources
► Preventing unauthorized access or tampering with devices.
VI. Compatibility and Interoperability
► HW devices are compatible with the OS and can
interoperate effectively
► This is essential for supporting a wide range of peripherals
 Characteristics of parallel and serial device
7

A. Parallel Devices
Simultaneous data transmission
► Can transmit multiple bits of data simultaneously over

multiple lines or channels.

► This allows for faster data transfer rates

► More susceptible to signal interference due to the

simultaneous transmission of data

Wide data bus
► Each bit of data transmitted across a separate line.

► For example, a 8-bit parallel port uses 8 lines to

transmit 8 bits of data simultaneously.

 Characteristics of parallel and serial device
8

Shorter cable length

► To prevent signal degradation and timing issues.

Common applications
► Parallel interfaces are commonly used for connecting

printers, external hard drives, and other high-speed

peripherals that require fast data transfer rates.
Advantages
► Faster data transfer: due to the simultaneous
transmission of multiple bits.
► High throughput: parallel interface allows for high

throughput
 Characteristics of parallel and serial device
9

► Simultaneous operations: parallel devices can perform

multiple operations concurrently
Disadvantages
► Cable length limitation: due to signal degradation and

timing issues that can occur over longer distances.

► Hardware complexity: The need for a wider data bus

and more complex hardware increases the cost and

complexity of parallel devices.
► Signal Interference: more susceptible to signal
interference and crosstalk.
 Characteristics of parallel and serial device
10

B. Serial Devices
Sequential data transmission
►Transmit data sequentially, one bit at a time, over a

single communication channel.

►Slower data transfer rates compared to parallel devices.

Single data line

►Use a single data line for transmitting and receiving data

►Simplifies the hardware requirements for the interface

 Characteristics of parallel and serial device
11

Longer cable length

► Support longer cable lengths compared to parallel devices
► suitable for long-distance communication.
Common Applications
► Serial interfaces are commonly used for connecting modems,
mice, keyboards, networking equipment, and other peripherals
that do not require high-speed data transfer.
Advantages
► Longer cable lengths: support longer cable lengths without
experiencing significant signal degradation
 Characteristics of parallel and serial device
12

Simplified hardware: require less complex hardware,

►

leading to lower cost and reduced design complexity.

► Reduced interference: less susceptible to signal
interference
Disadvantages
► Slower data transfer: slower data transfer rates
compared to parallel devices.
► Lower throughput: The sequential nature of data

transmission limits the throughput of serial devices

► Limited simultaneous operations: Serial devices may not

be as efficient for applications that require concurrent

data processing
 Buffering strategies
13

Definition
►Buffering refers to the temporary storage of data in a

buffer
► Buffer is a region of memory used to temporarily hold

data while it is being transferred from one location to

another
►In device management, buffering plays a crucial role in

managing the flow of data between devices, such as

► I/O devices and the system's memory or storage.
 Buffering strategies: types
14

I. Input Buffering
► Involves temporarily storing incoming data from an input

device before it is processed by the system.

► This allows the system to handle data at a consistent rate

II. Output Buffering

► Involves temporarily storing data that is being sent to an

output device
III. Double Buffering:
► It involves using two buffers to manage the display of

graphics or video
 Buffering strategies: types
15

► One buffer being displayed while the other is being

updated
► This helps to eliminate flickering and tearing in visual
output
► Used in graphics and multimedia applications to
improve performance and prevent visual artifacts
IV. Circular Buffering
► Also known as a ring buffer
► Used to efficiently manage a fixed-size buffer
► When it reaches its capacity, allowing new data to
overwrite old data in a circular fashion.
 Buffering strategies: types
16

V. Adaptive Buffering
► It is a dynamic buffering strategy that adjusts the size
of the buffer based on changing conditions
► Conditions include :
 Network congestion or fluctuations in data transfer
rates.
► Advantages
► optimize data transfer and
► minimize latency by adapting the buffer size to
match the current environment
 Benefits of buffering
17

Buffering in device management offers several benefits,

including:
I.Smoothing data flow
► smooth out variations in data transfer rates between
devices and system
► Particularly useful when
 Devices that generate data at irregular intervals
 When the processing speed of the system and the
device do not match.
 Benefits of buffering
18

II. Minimizing latency

► Allowing the system to process data at its own pace,
► Independent arrival of data from the device.
III. Handling bursty data
► Particularly useful
 Devices generate large amounts of data, such as in
multimedia streaming or network communication.
IV. Synchronization of Devices
► This is essential for maintaining the integrity of the
data and preventing data loss or corruption.
 Benefits of buffering
19

II. Performance optimization

► Allowing the system to manage data transfer more
efficiently
III. Error Handling
► Retransmitting data in case of transmission failures
or interruptions.
► This helps to improve the reliability and robustness
of data transfer between devices and the system.
 Direct Memory Access (DMA)
20

► DMA is a technique used in computer systems to

facilitate efficient data transfers between peripherals and
the system's memory without involving the CPU.
► DMA allows the peripherals to directly access the
system's memory for read and write operations,
bypassing the CPU
 This improving overall system performance
 Examples of devices that utilize DMA
21

I. Storage Devices
► HDD, SSD, and optical drives often use DMA
 To transfer data between the storage device and
system memory
 This enables to allowing for fast and efficient read
and write operations.
II. NICs
► To transfer data packets to and from system memory
during network communication
► Enabling high-speed data transmission without
burdening the CPU with every packet transfer
 Examples of devices that utilize DMA
22

III.Graphics Cards
► To transfer large amounts of graphical data between
the GPU's memory and system memory
► Enabling smooth rendering and high-performance
graphics processing
IV. Sound Cards
► To transfer audio data to and from system memory
► Enabling the playback and recording of high-quality
audio without requiring constant CPU involvement
 Examples of devices that utilize DMA
23

V. Peripheral Controllers
► To efficiently manage
data transfers
between connected
devices and system
memory
 Examples of devices that utilize DMA
24

VI. RAID Controllers

► Stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks
► Use to optimize data transfer between multiple storage
drives in a RAID array
► Enhancing performance and fault tolerance without
relying heavily on the CPU for data management
 Recovery from failure
25

► Recovery from failure is an essential to ensuring the

reliability and stability of computer systems
► When a device encounters a failure, it can disrupt
system operations and lead to data loss
► There are various mechanisms and strategies are used
to facilitate recovery from device failures
► Some common approaches to recovery from failure in
device management as follows
 Recovery from failure: Common approaches
26

I. Redundancy
► Implementing redundant devices
► E.g. using RAID configurations for storage devices
► RAID allows data redundancy and fault tolerance enabling
recovery from disk failures without data loss.
II. Error Detection and Correction
► Error detection and correction mechanisms:
 Checksums, parity bits, and error-correcting codes, helps
identify and correct errors that occur during data transfer
 Recovery from failure: Common approaches
27

III.Hot Swapping
► the replacement of a failed component without shutting
down the entire system
► Commonly found in storage devices, NICs, and other
peripherals
IV. Failover and Load Balancing
► Failover is the ability of switching to a reliable backup
system seamlessly and automatically
► Failover and load balancing mechanisms in network
devices, enables automatic rerouting of traffic in the
event of a device failure.
 Recovery from failure: Common approaches
28

V. Device Monitoring and Alerting

► Implementing monitoring tools
► Continuously monitor device health and performance
► Alerts and notifications prompts to administrators to
take corrective actions before a failure occurs
VI. Automatic Recovery Procedures
► Utilizing automated recovery procedures, such as
 Automatic restarts
 Reinitialization of devices
 Failover to backup systems
 Recovery from failure: Common approaches
29

VII. Data Backup and Recovery

► Regularly backing up critical data
► Implementing robust data recovery mechanisms, such as
 Snapshotting
 Replication
► Backup strategies helps to restore when the event of a
device failure or data loss occurs
30

r 4
p te
ha
o f C
d
En