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Group 4

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18 views30 pages

Group 4

Uploaded by

Shariful Mamun Ranim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Maxima and Minima (2nd derivative test)

Prepared by Prepared for


Group 4 Md. Ashraful Alam
Afsana Parvin Mim (24230225008) Associate Professor
Suvojit Kumar Debnath (24230225021) Bangladesh University of Professionals
Md. Zahid Hasan (24230225022)
Shariful Mamun (24230225023)
Md. Nazmus Sakib (24230225028)
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

• Derivative is the Rate of change of a function


• Maxima and minima are largest and smallest values taken by
a function
• At Stationary point function’s first derivative is zero
• At Inflection point second derivative is zero and third
derivative is non zero
Problem 1
1. Determine all local optimum points and all inflection
points of y= by the second derivative test.
Solution:
Given, f(x)= -
.˙. f’(x)= -3 -24x-45
.˙. f’’(x)= -6x-24
.˙. f’’’(x)= -6
Problem 1

To get the stationary points, Let, f’(x)= 0


⇒ -3x2-24x-45= 0
⇒ x2+8x+15=0
⇒ x2+5x+3x+15= 0
⇒ (x+3)(x+5)= 0
.˙. x= -3, -5
Problem 1

For x= -3,
f’’(x)= f’’(-3) = -6.(-3)-24= -6<0, which is negative
number.
So, f(x) has a maximum value at x = -3, and the
maximum value is-
fmax= (-3)3-12(-3)2-45.(-3)+2= 2
Problem 1

For x= -5,
f’’(x)= f’’(-5) = -6.(-5)-24= 6 > 0, which is positive
number.
So, f(x) has a minimum value at x = -5, and the
minimum value is-
fmin= (-5)3-12(-5)2-45.(-5)+2= -198
Problem 1

Inflection points: Let, f”(x)= 0


⇒ -6x-24= 0
.˙. x= -4
(Here, f’’’(x)= f’’’(-4)= -6≠ 0 )
Problem 1

Coordinates of inflection point:


f(x)= f(-4)= -(-4)3-12(-4)2-45.(-4)+2= -74
So, the inflection point is (-4,-74).
Answer: Maximum point(-3,2)
Minimum Point(-5,-198)
Inflection point(-4,-74).
Problem 2

2. Determine all local optimum points and all


inflection points of
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 by second derivative
test.
Solution: Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥4 + 8𝑥3 − 18𝑥2 + 1
𝑓’(𝑥) = 60𝑥3 + 24𝑥2 − 36𝑥
𝑓’’(𝑥) = 180𝑥2 + 48𝑥 − 36 𝑓’’’(𝑥) = 360𝑥 + 48
Problem 2
To get stationary points,
put, 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0
60𝑥3 + 24𝑥2 − 36𝑥 = 0
5𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 = 0
𝑥(5𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥(5𝑥2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥{5𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 3(𝑥 + 1)} = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 − 3) = 0
Problem 2

For 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑓’’(𝑥) = 𝑓’’(0) = −36 < 0
So, 𝑓(𝑥) has a maximum value at 𝑥 = 0 and the
maximum value is 𝑓max(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = 1
So, maximum point is (0, 1).
Problem 2
For 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑓’’(𝑥) = 𝑓’’(−1) = 180. (−1)2 + 48. (−1) − 36 = 180 − 48 − 36 =
96 > 0.
So, 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum value at 𝑥 = −1, and the minimum
value is
𝑓min(𝑥) = 𝑓(−1) = 15. (−1)4 + 8. (−1)3 − 18. (−1)2 + 1 = 15 − 8 −
18 + 1 = −10
So, minimum point is (−1,−10).
Problem 2
For 𝒙 =
f’’(x)=
fmin(x)= -
So the minimum point is (, -)
Problem 2

Inflection point: Let, 𝑓’’(𝑥) = 0


Absolute minimum point is (-1,-10)

180x2 + 48𝑥 − 36 = 0
⇒ 15x2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑓’’’(-)=−168 ≠
Here,

⇒ 15x2 − 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 3 = 0
⇒ 5𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) + 3(3𝑥 − 1) = 0
0

⇒ (3𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 + 3) = 0 𝑓’’’(= 168 ≠ 0


, and

.˙. 𝑥 = -,
Problem 2

𝑓()= 15.()4 + 8.()3 − 18. .()2 + 1 = −


Coordinates of inflection points:

𝑓()= 15.(-)4 + 8.(-)3 − 18. .(-)2 + 1 = −


So, an inflection point is (, −)

So, another inflection point is (−)

Hence, Maximum point is (0, 1).


Minimum points (-1,-10),(, -)
Inflection points (, −), (−)
Problem 3

3.Determine all local optimum points and


all inflection points of y=x3-6x2+12x-5 by
the second derivative test.
Solution: Given, f(x)= x3-6x2+12x-5
f’(x)= 3x2-12x+12
f’’(x)= 6x-12
f’’’(x)= 6
Problem 3

To get the stationary points, Let, f’(x)= 0


⇒ 3x2-12x+12= 0
⇒ x2-4x+4=0
⇒ (x-2)2= 0
.˙. x= 2
Problem 3

For x= 2,
f’’(x)= f’’(2) = 6*2-12= 0
So, at x=2, the test is inconclusive for the given
function. The use of other methods, such as the first
derivative test or higher-order derivatives are needed to
determine the nature of the critical point.
Problem 4

4. When x gallons of olive oil are produced, the


average cost per barrel is 𝑨(𝒙), where
𝑨(𝒙)= 0.25x, 𝒙 > 𝟎.
(a) Find the value of x that minimizes average cost
per barrel.
(b) Compute the minimum average cost per barrel.
Problem 4
Solution:
(a) Given,
𝑨(𝒙)= + 0.25x, 𝒙 > 𝟎.
= 4000(0.1𝑥 + 20)-1 + 0.25𝑥
Now, 𝐴’(𝑥) = 4000 (−1)(0.1𝑥 + 20)-2(0.1) + 0.25
= - + 0.25
Problem 4
∴ 𝐴’’(𝑥) = −400 (−2)(0.1𝑥 + 20)-3(0.1)
= 80(0.1𝑥 + 20)-3
For stationary points,
Let, 𝐴’(𝑥) = 0
⇒ - + 0.25 = 0
⇒ = 0.25
⇒ x = 200
Problem 4
Now,
𝐴’’(200) = = > 0, which is positive
So, the given function has a minimum value at 𝑥 = 200.
(Answer)
Problem 4
(b)
Since, for 𝑥 = 200, 𝐴(𝑥) has minimum value. [From (a)]
So, the minimum average cost per barrel will be,
𝐴min(200) =+ {(0.25)×200}
= [4000/40] + 50
= $150 (Answer)
Problem 5
5. A manufacturer sells x units of a product at a dollar price
of p = 6565 −10x − 0.1x2 per unit. The cost of manufacturing
the product is C(x)= 0.05x3 -5x2 + 20x+ 250000, 0 ≤ x ≤ 150.
How many units should be produced and sold to maximize
the resulting profit?
Solution:
Total revenue = (Price per unit) × (Number of units sold)
Problem 5
R (x)= (6565−10x − 0.1x2 ) × x = 6565x −10x2− 0.1 x3
Profit, P(x) = Revenue – Cost
=(6565x- 10x2-0.1x3 ) - (0.05x3-5x2+20x+250000)
= -0.15x3-5x2+6545x-250000
To determine the quantity x that maximizes the profit function,
we first find,
= -0.45x2-10x +6545
Problem 5
Setting this first derivative to be equal to zero, we solve for
critical values of x and x = 110 (Other root is negative).
Now, = −0.9x-10
= -(0.9)(110)− 10
=− 109 < 0 ; indicating that this critical value does indeed
represent a maximum.
Problem 5

P(110) = - 0.15(110)3 –5(110)2 + 6545(110) – 250000


= $209800. (Answer)
Conclusion

• A fundamental tool
• Combined with first derivative test, offers a robust framework
• Extension to higher derivative test provides additional
precision
• Relevance extends beyond theoretical mathematics
Thank You

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