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Lecture 6

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17 views22 pages

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

rakesh.singhai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 6

Lightwave Interference
Essential Condition

• Light must be from coherent sources viz. both sources should have
same wavelength, equal intensity with no phase difference and be
narrow and close to each other.
Interferometry applied to flatness test

If angle is small, then


AC=DC=
Therefore distance between adjacent
fringes is
Four possible
cases

1. Perfectly wrung together. No airgap. No fringe will be seen.


2. If angle is increased, C & H will come closer and fringes will be brought
closer.
3. If angle is reduced, fringe spacing will increase.
4. If angle is too large, fringes will be closely spaced. No pattern will be
observed.
Autocollimator
Autocollimator
Machine guideway
straightness
measurement
Measurement of Surface
Finish
Introduction
• Smoother and harder surfaces provide greater strength and load
bearing capacity.
• Failure to fatigue starts at sharp corners where stress concentration
occurs.
• To increase life of any part subjected to repeated reversal of stress
surfaces should be given good finish.
• Good bearing properties are obtained when surface has large no of
irregularities.
• Different requirements demand different surfaces.
• Surface is quite complex and consists of many wavelengths caused
due to feed of the tool, cutting action, vibrations and imperfection of
machine tool.
Roughness due to machining

• Surface machined by a single point tool will have uniformly spaced and
directional roughness.

• In case of finishing processes like buffing,grinding texture is irregular


and non-directional.
Definition
• Any surface could be
considered as a
combination of two
forms of wavelengths
(Waviness and
roughness.
Arithmetic mean deviation from mean line of profile
• Sampling length- Length necessary
for evaluation
• Mean line- Sum of the squares of
distances
• Between effective points and mean
line is minimum.
• Center line-Areas embraced above
and below are equal.
• When wave form is repetitive,
center line and mean line are same.
• Arithmetic mean deviation from
mean line .
Ten point height of
irregularities
• Rz is defined as the average difference between the five highest peaks
and five deepest valleys within the sampling length measured from a
line parallel to the mean line.
When Rz is more effective
measurement
• If the parts operate in dynamic or sliding applications, consider using
Rz to get the maximum peak-to-valley height variation. These
irregularities can impact friction, wear, and performance of the part.
It also provides insight into the effectiveness of sealing surfaces to
prevent leaks.
Methods of inspection

1. Touch inspection- Minute flaws cannot be detected


2. Visual Inspection- Limited to very rough surfaces.
3. Scratch Inspection- Rub a softer material and check scratches.
4. Microscopic inspection- Only a small portion can be checked.
Comparative inspection is done.
5. Surface photograph- Magnified photographs
6. Micro Inteferometer- Interference bands are inspected under
microscope.
7. Stylus Probe instruments- Stylus probe moves over the surface. An
amplifying device and a recording instrument is used.
Definition of surface roughness in drg
Expected roughness from various
processes
Stylus probe instrument

• A stylus or probe moves over the surface. The stylus typically has 10
micrometer radius. The stylus is cone shaped with a spherical tip.

• An amplifying device is used for magnifying the stylus movement.

• A recording device is used to trace the movement.

• A means for analysis is obtained. This can be done separately or it


could be incorporated in the instrument.

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