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Lecture 14 Dated 5 Nov

Manu systems

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17 views24 pages

Lecture 14 Dated 5 Nov

Manu systems

Uploaded by

rakesh.singhai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 14 dated 5 Nov.

2024
• Hardware for automation
Hardware needed for automation

1. Sensors to measure continuous and discrete process variables.

• 2. Actuators to drive continuous and discrete process parameters.

• 3. Devices to convert continuous analog signals into digital data and digital
data into analog signals.

• 4. Input/output devices for discrete data.


Variables to measure
Sensors
• A sensor is a transducer, which is a device that converts a physical
• variable of one form into another form that is more useful for the
given application.
• In particular, a sensor is a device that converts a physical stimulus or
variable of interest (such as temperature, force, pressure, or
displacement) into a more convenient form (usually an
• electrical quantity such as voltage) for the purpose of measuring the
stimulus.
• The conversion process quantifies the variable, so that it can be
interpreted as a numerical value.
Classification
• An analog sensor produces a continuous analog signal such as electrical voltage,
whose value varies in an analogous manner with the variable being measured.
Examples are thermocouples, strain gages, and potentiometers. The output
signal from an analog measuring device must be converted to digital data by an
analog-to-digital converter in order to be used by a digital computer.
• A discrete sensor produces an output that can have only certain values. Discrete
sensors are often divided into two categories: binary and digital.
• A binary sensor produces an on/off signal. The most common devices operate
by closing an electrical contact from a normally open position. Limit switches
operate in this manner.
• Other binary sensors include photoelectric sensors and proximity switches.
• A digital sensor produces a Process and equipment digital output signal, either
in the form of a set of parallel status bits (e.g., a photoelectric
• sensor array) or as a series of pulses that can be counted (e.g., an optical
Active & Passive Sensors

• An active sensor responds to the stimulus


• without the need for any external power. An example is a
thermocouple

• A passive sensor requires an external source of power in order to


operate. A thermistor illustrates this case. It also measures
temperature, but its operation requires an electric current to be
passed through it. As the temperature increases, the thermistor’s
electrical resistance is altered.
Transfer Function
(I/O relationship)
Actuators
• In industrial control systems, an actuator is a hardware device that
converts a controller command signal into a change in a physical
parameter.
• The change in the physical parameter is usually mechanical, such as a
position or velocity change.
• An actuator is a transducer, because it changes one type of physical
quantity, such as electric current, into another type of physical
quantity, such as rotational speed of an electric motor.
• The controller command signal is usually low level, and so an
actuator may also require an amplifier to strengthen the signal
sufficiently to drive the actuator.
Most actuators can be classified into one of three categories, according to the type
of amplifier: (1) electric, (2) hydraulic, and (3) pneumatic.

Electric actuators are most common;


they include electric motors of various kinds, solenoids, and electromechanical relays.
Electric actuators can be either linear (output is linear displacement) or rotational
(output is angular displacement).

Hydraulic actuators use hydraulic fluid to amplify the controller command signal. The available
devices provide either linear or rotational motion.
Hydraulic actuators are often specified when large forces are required.

Pneumatic actuators use compressed air (typically “shop air” in the factory) as the driving power.
Again, both linear and rotational pneumatic actuators are available.
Because of the relatively low air pressures involved, these actuators are usually limited to relatively
low-
Force applications compared with hydraulic actuators.
Electric Motors
• An electric motor converts electrical power into mechanical power.
Most electric motors are rotational.
• Four types that are used in automation and industrial control are:
• (1) DC motors, (2) AC motors, (3) stepper motors, and (4) linear
motors.
DC Motors
• DC motors are powered by a constant current and voltage. The
continuously switching magnetic field is achieved by means of a
rotary switching device, called a commutator.

• A special type of DC motor avoids the use of the commutator and


brushes. Called a brushless DC motor, it uses solid-state circuitry to
replace the brushes and commutator components.

• DC motors are widely used for two reasons. The first is the
convenience of using direct current as the power source. For
example, the small electric motors in automobiles are DC because
the car’s battery supplies direct current.
DC Servomotor
• The term servomotor simply means that a feedback loop is used to
regulate speed. In a DC servomotor, the stator typically consists of
two permanent magnets on opposite sides of the rotor.
• The rotor,called the armature in a DC motor, consists of copper wire
windings around a ferrous metal core.
• Motor torque
• Back Emf

•
In general, the torque increases with speed. In the simplest case, the relationship is
proportional:
AC Motors
• Although DC motors have several attractive features, they have two
• important disadvantages:
(1) the commutator and brushes used to conduct current from the stator assembly to
the rotor result in maintenance problems with these motors, and

• (2) the most common electrical power source in industry is alternating current, not
direct current. In order to use AC power to drive a DC motor, a rectifier must be
added to convert the alternating current to direct current.
•
• For these reasons, AC motors are widely used in many industrial applications.
• They do not use brushes, and they are compatible with the predominant type of
electrical power.
Types of AC Motors
AC motors can be classified into two broad categories:
synchronous motors and induction motors.
Synchronous motors operate by energizing the rotor with alternating
current, which
generates a magnetic field in the gap separating the rotor and the stator.
This magnetic
field creates a torque that turns the rotor at the same rotational speed as the
magnetic motors are probably the most widely used motors in the world, due
Induction
forces in the stator. The term synchronous derives from the fact that the
to
rotorrelatively
their rotation simple construction and low manufacturing cost. In the operation
is this
of synchronized with the AC frequency in steady-state operation.
motor type, a magnetic field is induced (hence the term induction) in the rotor
from
Boththe
synchronous motors and induction motors operate at constant speeds. Most
stator.
of theirBecause of this
applications feature,
are the
those in rotorrunning
which in mostat
induction motors
a fixed speed is does not need
required. This is
electrical
a
current from aninexternal
disadvantage power supply.
many automation applications because frequent speed changes
are often
necessary with much starting and stopping. The speed issue is addressed by
using adjustable-frequency drives (called inverters) that control the
cycle rate of the AC power to the motor. Motor speed is proportional to
frequency, so changing the frequency changes the motor speed.
Linear Motors
• A linear electric motor provides a linear motion directly; it does not require a
rotary-to-linear conversion. Its operation is similar to that of rotary electric
motors, except that the ring-shaped stator and cylindrical-shaped rotor are
straight rather than circular. The rotor, known as the forcer in linear motor
terminology, consists of wire windings encased in a non-conducting material
such as epoxy, and the magnetic field that drives the forcer consists of a series
of magnets contained in a straight track, which corresponds to the stator
Other actuators

• Electrical Actuators Other


Than Motors. A solenoid
consists of a movable
plunger inside a stationary
wire coil. When a current
is applied to the coil, it
acts as a magnet, drawing
the plunger into the coil.
When current is switched
off, a spring returns the
plunger to its previous
position
Hydraulic & Pneumatic
These two categories of actuators are powered by pressurized fluids.
Actuators
Oil is used in hydraulic systems, and compressed air is used in pneumatic systems.
The devices in both categories are similar in operation but different
in construction due to the differences in fluid properties between oil and air.
Some of the differences in properties, and their effects on the characteristics and applications of
the two types of actuators.
ADC converter
Pulse Counter and generator

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