Lecture-4: Dislocations and Strengthening
Mechanisms
• FCC Crystals has 12 slip planes arising from the family of {111} planes [i.e., (111),11~1),
(~111),(1~11) ].
• Hence, a minimum applied stress can lead to slipping of planes in all 12 possible directions
• Due to this phenomena, FCC crystals are generally ductile in nature (Eg. Aluminium-)
• Unline FCC Crystals, BCC crystals has only4 slip planes arising from the family of {110} , {112} ,
• Large applied stress is required to slip these planes in all possible 4 directions
• Due to this phenomena, BCC crystals are generally hard in nature (Eg. iron-)
Example
• Consider a single crystal of BCC iron
oriented such that a tensile stress is
applied along a [010] direction.
• (a) Compute the resolved shear
stress along a (110) plane and in a [-
111] direction when a tensile stress
of 52 Mpa is applied.
• TR=21.3 MPa
• (b) If slip occurs on a (110) plane
and in a [-111] direction, and the
criticalresolved shear stress is 30
Mpa, calculate the magnitude of the
applied tensile stress necessary to
initiate yielding.
• σ =73.4 MPa
Grain size reduction in Polycrystalline materials
Finer the grains, larger the area of grain boundaries –impedes the dislocations-
improves the toughness of material
A material's recrystallization temperature is the temperature
at which new grains with low dislocation density begin to
replace the high dislocation density grains.
Problems
1. A cylindrical specimen of cold-worked copper has a ductility (%EL) of 15%. If its
coldworked radius is 6.4 mm (0.25 in.), what was its radius before deformation?
(refer below fig for % CW at 15% EL)
Ans: 7.2 mm
2. Compute the
tensile strength and
ductility (%EL) of a
cylindrical copper
rod if it is cold
worked such that
the diameter is
reduced from 15.2
mm to 12.2 mm
(0.60 in. to 0.48 in.).
Ans: CW= 35.6%,
tensile strength =
340 Mpa, % EL= 7.
Problems
1. Consider a metal single crystal oriented such that the normal to the slip plane and
the slip direction are at angles of 60 and 35 respectively, with the tensile axis. If
the critical resolved shear stress is 6.2 MPa (900 psi), will an applied stress of 12
MPa (1750 psi) cause the single crystal to yield? If not, what stress will be
necessary?
Ans: 15.1 Mpa
2. Consider a single crystal of nickel oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along
a [001] direction. If slip occurs on a (111) plane and in a [-101] direction, and is
initiated at an applied tensile stress of 13.9 MPa (2020 psi), compute the critical
resolved shear stress.
