CHAPTER III CONTENT

1. Research Design or Methods and Techniques of the Study

2. Determination of Sample or Population and Sample of the Study

3. Development of Research Instrument or Research Instruments

4. Data Gathering Procedure

5. Data Processing Method or Data Processing and Statistical

Treatment
The fundamental questions to ask are:
• What is data?
• Why researchers collect data?
• How is data collected?
• Who needs the collected data?
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Instruments

• Quantitative research instruments

comprise questionnaires, interviews,
tests, and observation.

• Data collection approaches for qualitative

research usually involve: (a) direct
interaction with individuals on a one-to-
one basis, (b) and or direct interaction
with individuals in a group setting.
 Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument
Concise
Sequential
Valid and reliable
Easily tabulated
Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument
1. Concise
• Giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but
comprehensive. (Oxford dictionary)
• Synonyms – On point, brief

2. Sequential
• Having a systematic arrangement; especially having elements
succeeding in order according to rule. (Vocabulary dictionary)
• Synonyms – In order, Sequence
Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument
*Related to the SOP
3. Valid and reliable (What you try to measure)

• Validity - refers to the accuracy of a measure.

• Reliability - refers to the consistency of a measure.

4. Easily tabulated
• Tabulation is the systematic and logical representation of figures in
rows and columns to ease comparison and statistical analysis.
Ways in Developing Research Instrument

• Adopting an instrument
• Modifying an existing instrument
• Researcher-made instrument
 CHAPTER III CONTENT
1. Research Design or Methods and Techniques of the Study

2. Determination of Sample or Population and Sample of the Study

3. Development of Research Instrument or Research Instruments

4. Data Gathering Procedure

5. Data Processing Method or Data Processing and Statistical

Treatment
How do you collect your data?
Research Instruments
1. Questionnaires
• It consists of a series of questions about a research topic to
gather data from the participants.
• It consists of indicators that is aligned to the research questions.
• Gathering of information can be carried out in the following
methods: face to face, by telephone, or through e-mail,
messenger, social media post, or using computer programs or
forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).
In quantitative research, questionnaires use the following
approaches:

(1) Scale (usually Likert scale); and

(2) Conversion of responses into numerical values

e.g. strongly agree as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as

2, and strongly disagree as 1.
Likert Scale

• This is the most common scale used in quantitative research.

• Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to
the scale provided.
Semantic Differential
• A series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the respondents.
• Seems to be more advantageous since it is more flexible and
easier to construct.
Guttman Scale
• Measures how much of a positive or negative attitude a person has towards a
particular topic.
• Has YES/NO answers to a set of questions that increase in specificity.
Questionnaires can be structured, semi-structured, or
unstructured.

The first, structured questionnaires employ closed-

ended questions.
Unstructured questionnaires, on the other hand, use
open-ended questions in which the research participants
can freely answer and put his thoughts into it.
Lastly, semi-structured questionnaires are combinations
of both the structured and unstructured ones.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire
1. Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants.
2. The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers
since their identity can be made anonymous.

Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire

1. The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants.
2. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be returned on time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack depth.
Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection
1. Choose the method of administering the questionnaire.
a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when you need to capture the emotions,
behavior, and non-verbal cues of the participants
b. Online Method. Use this when behavior and non-verbal cues need not to be
taken.

2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.

a. Personal information. This section which contains background information of
the participants. (Names are optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional information that might
be needed. (This applied only for quantitative research)
3. Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with
specific research questions or objectives.
4. Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in
answering the questionnaire.
5. Use routing (directing) technique if there is a need to skip some
items in the questionnaire.
6. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific
ones.
7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use
simple terms.
8. Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the
questions.

a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree , agree,

neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)
b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent,
great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all)
c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently,
sometimes, seldom, never)
d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good,
poor), these responses will be translated into numerical values (e.g. five-
point Likert scale)
9. Avoid negative statements unless necessary.
10. Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled, and very sensitive
questions.
11. Do not split the questions or choices over two pages.
12. If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the
questionnaires.
13. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency
connected respondents.
14. Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the
questionnaire.
15. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them
and archive them digitally.
Research Instruments
2. Tests

• Used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing
some characteristics.

Types of Test
• Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups. It is
usually administered by institutions to assess a wide range of groups such as
students and test-takers. It is considered as more reliable and valid.
• Non-standardized test may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a certain
set of people.
 Types of Test Questions
1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from
memory.

2. Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given

choices the best or correct choice.

3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in

their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights.
The following table shows the types of test and examples
Research Instruments
3. Interview

• is a method of collecting data about an individual’s behaviors, opinions,

values, emotions, and demographic characteristics (using numerical or
non-numerical data.)
Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Interviews
The questionnaire and quantitative interview are both highly
structured, but here’s a distinction between the two:
Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Questionnaires
Items are read to the participants. Participants answer on their own.
Researchers may not ask follow-up questions. Researchers may ask follow-up questions.
Useful when the target participants can’t answer Not applicable for blind and uneducated (No
a printed or encoded questionnaire (Blind or read, no write) participants.
uneducated).
Research Instruments
4. Observation
• Frequently used in qualitative research.
• It can be used in quantitative research when the observable characteristics are
quantitative in nature.
• Allows the researcher to observe the actual event or phenomenon.
• It may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne effect
phenomenon.
• It is more exhausting and time-consuming especially when observations need
to be conducted for many years.
Forms of Observation
1. Controlled Observation.
• It is usually used in experimental research.
• It is done under a standard procedure.
• It provides more reliable data.
• The procedure can be replicated, and the data are easier to analyze.
• The observer performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not interact with the
participants).
Forms of Observation
2. Natural Observation.
• It is carried out in a non-controlled setting.
• It has greater ecological validity.
• It also responds to other areas of inquiry not initially intended by the
researcher.
• Its major limitation is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to
the presence of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the
participants.
Forms of Observation
3. Participant Observation.
• It allows the observer to become a member of the group or community that
the participants belong to.
• It can be performed covertly also overtly.
Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation
Different Formats of Online Survey Tools
(www.surveygizmo.com)
Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Research

• Ethical considerations should always be practiced especially when

human participants are involved. Researchers ensure that
participants are treated properly; especially during data collection.
The use of consent form respects the right of every participant to be
informed and to make voluntary participation.
Informed Consent Form
• It is a document that provides the participants with the information
they need in deciding whether they will participate or not in your
study.
• It must be accomplished before gathering data from the
participants.
• This document must be signed both by the researcher and the
participant as they agree to the conditions during the actual
conduct of the data collection process.
It usually contains the following:
1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the
Study)
2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with
3. Data Collection Procedure
4. Possible discomfort or risk factors
5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)
7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the
conditions that they will be subject to the study)
 CHAPTER III CONTENT
1. Research Design or Methods and Techniques of the Study

2. Determination of Sample or Population and Sample of the

Study

3. Development of Research Instrument or Research Instruments

4. Data Gathering Procedure

5. Data Processing Method or Data Processing and Statistical

Treatment
 CHAPTER III CONTENT
1. Research Design or Methods and Techniques of the Study

2. Determination of Sample or Population and Sample of the

Study

3. Development of Research Instrument or Research Instruments

4. Data Gathering Procedure

5. Data Processing Method or Data Processing and Statistical

Treatment