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Lecture 16 Applets

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Abcd Efgh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology

CIC-212 Java Programming

Lecture
Applets
What Are
Applets?
 An applet is a special Java program that
can be embedded in HTML documents.
 It is automatically executed by (applet-

enabled) web browsers.


 In Java, non-applet programs are called

applications.

2
Application vs.
Applet
 Application
 Trusted (i.e., has full access to system resources)
 Invoked by Java Virtual Machine (JVM, java), e.g.,
java HelloWorld
 Should contain a main method, i.e.,
public static void main(String[])
 Applet
 Remote applets are Not trusted (i.e., has limited
access to system resource to prevent security
breaches)
 Invoked automatically by the web browser
 Should be a subclass of class java.applet.Applet

3
Java
Applets
 Built using one of general definitions of
applets
 Appletclass
 JAapplet class

 Java applets are usually graphical


 Draw graphics in a defined screen area
 Enable user interaction with GUI elements

4
Java Applet
Classes
 Abstract Windowing Toolkit AWT
 Earlier versions of Java
 Applet class is one of the AWT components
 Java Foundation Classes JFC
 Extension to Java in 1997
 Has a collection of Swing components for enhanced
GUIs

Swing component classes begin with J

5
Java
Applets
 Applets are Java programs that can be
embedded in HTML documents
 To run an applet you must create a .html file
which references the applet
 Ready to Program also will run an applet

 When browser loads Web page containing


applet
 Applet downloads into Web browser
 begins execution

 Can be tested using appletviewer program


6
Applet
Declaration
 Syntax (note difference from application
declaration)
public class ClassName extends Japplet/Applet

ClassName is an
object that will be a
subclass of JApplet

7
Body of an
Applet
 Note there is no main() method in an applet
 Japplet/Applet class provides other methods
instead of a main method
 First method executed is the init() method

8
Graphics
Coordinate

(0,0) x

height

width

9
Running An
Applet
import
import java.applet.Applet;
java.applet.Applet;
import
import java.awt.Graphics;
java.awt.Graphics;

public
public class
class HelloApplet
HelloApplet extends
extends Applet
Applet {{
public
public void
void paint
paint (Graphics
(Graphics g)
g)
{{
g.drawString
g.drawString ("Hello.
("Hello. Welcome
Welcome to",25,25);
to",25,25);
g.drawString
g.drawString ("Java
("Java Programming",25,40);
Programming",25,40);
}}
}}

•• Enter
Enterthis
thistext
textinto
intoyour
your
Ready
ReadytotoProgram
Program editor
editor
•• Compile
Compilethe
theJava
Javacode
code

10
Running An
Applet

 Now create an .html file to run the


applet
<html>
<html>
<applet
<applet code
code == "HelloApplet.class"
"HelloApplet.class" width=275,
width=275, height
height == 100>
100>
</applet>
</applet>
</html>
</html>

 Save it as HelloApplet.html
 Make sure you save it in the same
directory as the .java file

11
Running An
Applet
import allows us to use
predefined classes (allowing
us to use applets and
graphics, in this case).

extends allows us to inherit the


capabilities of class JApplet.
Method paint is guaranteed to
be called in all applets. Its first
line must be defined as above.

12
Running An
Applet

 Now create an .html file to run the


applet
<html>
<html>
<applet
<applet code
code == "HelloApplet.class"
"HelloApplet.class" width=275,
width=275, height
height == 100>
100>
</applet>
</applet>
</html>
</html>

 Save it as HelloApplet.html
 Make sure you save it in the same
directory as the .java file

13
First Java
Applet
 Java source in HelloWorldApplet.java
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
Dimension d = getSize();
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.fillRect(0, 0, d.width, d.height); // paint background
g.setFont(new Font("San-serif", Font.BOLD, 24));
g.setColor(new Color(255, 215,0));
g.drawString("Hello, world!", 60, 40);
g.drawImage(getImage(getCodeBase(), “Rabbit.jpg"),
20, 60, this);
}
}
14
Embedding Applet into
HTML
 HTML source in HelloWorld.html
<!--HelloWorld.html-->
<html>
<head>
<title>HelloWord</title>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width=300 height=350></applet>
</center>
<hr/>
<a href="HelloWorldApplet.java">The source.</a>
</body>
</html>

15
Compiling and
Running
 To compile
 javac HelloWorldApplet.java
 Produces HelloWorldApplet.class
 To run
 Open page HelloWorld.htmlfrom web browser
or
 Use appletviewer of JDK
 appletviewer HelloWorld.html

16
The genealogy of
Applet
java.lang.Object
|
+----java.awt.Component
|
+----java.awt.Container
|
+----java.awt.Panel
|
+----java.applet.Applet
|
+----
Javax.swing.JApplet
Methods are called in this
order
 init and destroy are only
init()
called once
start()  start and stop are called
whenever the browser enters
and leaves the page
do some work
 do some work is code called
stop() by your listeners
 paint is called when the
destroy() applet needs to be repainted
Applet methods

public void init ()


public void start ()
public void stop ()
public void destroy ()
public void paint (Graphics)
Also:
public void repaint()
public void update (Graphics)
public void showStatus(String)
public String getParameter(String)
Applet Life
Cycle

20
Why an applet
works

 You write an applet by extending the class


Applet.
 Applet defines methods init( ), start( ), stop(
), paint(Graphics), destroy( ).
 These methods do nothing--they are stubs.
 You make the applet do something by
overriding these methods.
public void init
()
 This is the first method to execute.
 It is an ideal place to initialize variables.
 It is the best place to define the GUI
Components (buttons, text fields, scrollbars,
etc.), lay them out, and add listeners to them.
 Almost every applet you ever write will have an
init( ) method.
public void
start ( )
 Not always needed.
 Called after init( ).
 Called each time the page is loaded and
restarted.
 Used mostly in conjunction with stop( ).
 start() and stop( ) are used when the Applet
is doing time-consuming calculations that you
don’t want to continue when the page is not in
front.
public void
stop( )
 Not always needed.
 Called when the browser leaves the page.
 Called just before destroy( ).
 Use stop( ) if the applet is doing heavy
computation that you don’t want to continue
when the browser is on some other page.
 Used mostly in conjunction with start()
public void
destroy( )
 Seldom needed.
 Called after stop( ).
 Use to explicitly release system resources (like
threads).
 System resources are usually released
automatically.
public void
paint(Graphics g)
 Needed if you do any drawing or painting other
than just using standard GUI Components.
 Any painting you want to do should be done
here, or in a method you call from here.
 Painting that you do in other methods may or
may not happen.
 Never call paint(Graphics), call repaint( ).
repaint(
)
 Call repaint( ) when you have changed
something and want your changes to show up
on the screen
 repaint( ) is a request--it might not happen
 When you call repaint( ), Java schedules a
call to update(Graphics g)
)
 When you call repaint( ), Java schedules a call
to update(Graphics g)
 Here's what update does:
public void update(Graphics g)
{
// Fills applet with background color, then
paint(g);
}
Sample Graphics
methods

 A Graphics is something you can paint on

g.drawString(“Hello”, 20, 20); Hello


g.drawRect(x, y, width,
height);
g.fillRect(x, y, width,
height);
g.drawOval(x, y, width, height);
g.fillOval(x, y, width, height);
g.setColor(Color.red);
L
<html>
<head>
<title> Hi World Applet </title>
</head>

<body>
<applet code="HiWorld.class”
width=300 height=200>
<param name="arraysize"
value="10">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
L
<param name="arraysize"
value="10">

 public String getParameter(String name)

 String s = getParameter("arraysize");

 try { size = Integer.parseInt (s) }


catch (NumberFormatException e) {…}
Example
1

Adding two Floating point


numbers.

32
Numbers
1 // Fig. 3.13: AdditionApplet.java
2 // Adding two floating-point numbers.
3
4 // Java packages
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.*; // import package javax.swing
7
8 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {
9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user * allows any class in the
10
11 // initialize applet by obtaining values from user
package to be used.
12 public void init()
13 {
14 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
15 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
16
17 double number1; // first number to add
18 double number2; // second number to add
19 Field sum may be used anywhere
20 // obtain first number from user
21 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
in the class, even in other
22 "Enter first floating-point value" ); methods.
23
Type double can store floating
24 // obtain second number from user
25 secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( point numbers.
26 "Enter second floating-point value" );
27
28 // convert numbers from type String to type double
29 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
30 number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );
31
Numbers
32 // add numbers
33 sum = number1 + number2;
34
35 } // end method init
36
37 // draw results in a rectangle on applet’s background
38 public void paint( Graphics g )
39 {
40 // call superclass version of method paint
41 super.paint( g );
42
43 // draw rectangle starting from (15, 10) that is 270
44 // pixels wide and 20 pixels tall
45 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
46
47 // draw results as a String at (25, 25)
48 g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );
49
50 } // end method paint
51 drawRect takes the upper left coordinate, width,
52 } // end class AdditionApplet and height of the rectangle to draw.

1 <html>
2 <applet code = "AdditionApplet.class" width = "300" height = "65">
3 </applet>
4 </html>
Numbers

35
Numbers
 Lines 1-2: Comments
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics

 Line 5: imports class Graphics


 import not needed if use full package and class name
public void paint ( java.awt.Graphics g )
6 import javax.swing.*; // import package javax.swing
 Line 6: specify entire javax.swing package
 * indicates all classes in javax.swing are
available
 Includes JApplet and JOptionPane
 Use JOptionPane instead of

javax.swing.JOptionPane
 * does not load all classes
 Compiler only loads classes it uses

36
Numbers

8 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {

 Begin class declaration


 Extend JApplet, imported from package
javax.swing
9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

 Field declaration
 Each object of class gets own copy of the field
 Declared in body of class, but not inside

methods
 Variables declared in methods are local variables
 Can only be used in body of method

 Fields can be used anywhere in class


 Have default value (0.0 in this case)

37
Numbers

9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

 Primitive type double


 Used to store floating point (decimal) numbers
12 public void init()

 Method init
 Normally initializes fields and applet class
 Guaranteed to be first method called in applet

 First line must always appear as above


 Returns nothing (void), takes no arguments
13 {
 Begins body of method init

38
Numbers
14 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
15 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
16
17 double number1; // first number to add
18 double number2; // second number to add

 Declare variables
 Two types of variables
 Reference variables (called references)
 Refer to objects (contain location in memory)
 Objects defined in a class definition

 Can contain multiple data and methods

 paint receives a reference called g to a

Graphics object
 Reference used to call methods on the Graphics

object
 Primitive types (called variables)
 Contain one piece of data

39
Numbers
14 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
15 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
16
17 double number1; // first number to add
18 double number2; // second number to add

 Distinguishing references and variables


 If type is a class name, then reference
 String is a class
 firstNumber, secondNumber

 If type a primitive type, then variable


 double is a primitive type
 number1, number2

40
Numbers
21 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
22 "Enter first floating-point value" );

 Method
JOptionPane.showInputDialog
 Prompts user for input with string
 Enter value in text field, click OK
 If not of correct type, error occurs
 In Chapter 15 learn how to deal with this

 Returns string user inputs


 Assignment statement to string

 Lines
25-26: As above, assigns input to
secondNumber

41
Numbers
29 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
30 number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );

 static method Double.parseDouble


 Converts String argument to a double
 Returns the double value

 Remember static method syntax


 ClassName.methodName( arguments )
33 sum = number1 + number2;

 Assignment statement
 sum an field, can use anywhere in class
 Not defined in init but still used

42
Numbers
35 } // end method init

 Ends method init


 appletviewer (or browser) calls inherited
method start
 start usually used with multithreading
 Advanced concept, in Chapter 16
 We do not declare it, so empty declaration in

JApplet used
 Next, method paint called
45 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
 Method drawRect( x1, y1, width, height )
 Draw rectangle, upper left corner (x1, y1),
specified width and height
 Line 45 draws rectangle starting at (15, 10) with

43 a width of 270 pixels and a height of 20 pixels


Numbers

48 g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );

 SendsdrawString message (calls method)


to Graphics object using reference g
 "The sum is" + sum - string concatenation
 sum converted to a string
 sum can be used, even though not defined in
paint
 field, can be used anywhere in class
 Non-local variable

44
Example -
2

To draw a face

45
Face

46
Interactive Input
How to load media and text
 URL getDocumentBase() – Directory from which HTML file
is loaded.
 URL getCodeBase() - Directory from which .class file is
loaded.
 showDocument() – to load another file from current Applet
 getAppletContext() – to get current applet environment.
 AudipClip getAudioClip(URL u) – Returns an AudioClip
object (play(), stop(), loop())
 Image getImage(URL u) – Returns an image object
 Void showStatus(String str) – display str in status window

47
Example- 3: To load another
file from Applet
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.net.*;
public class Acdemo extends Applet{
public void start()
{
AppletContext ac= getAppletContext();
URL url = getCodeBase();
try
{
ac.showDocument( new URL(url + “Test.html”));
}catch(MalformedURLException e) { showStatus(“URL not found”);}
}
}
48
Applet

49
-4

To create Digital Clock

50
Animation Applet --- Digital
Clock

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.util.Calendar;

public class DigitalClock extends java.applet.Applet


{

<Fields>
<Methods>
}

51
Program
Structure
java.applet.Applet

DigitalClock 1
javax.swing.Timer
+ start(): void
+ stop(): void <<use>>
+ paint(g: Graphics) : void java.util.Calendar

<<use>> <<use>>

java.awt java.awt.event

52
Field
Declarations

protected Timer timer;

protected Font font =


new Font("Monospaced", Font.BOLD, 48);

protected Color color = Color.GREEN;

53
Object
Initialization
public DigitalClock()
{
timer = new Timer(1000, createTimerTickHandler());
}

protected ActionListener createTimerTickHandler()


{
return new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
{
repaint();
}
};
}
54
The start() and stop()
Methods
public void start()
{
timer.start();
}

public void stop()


{
timer.stop();
}

 Start and stop the timer


 Stopped timer will not consume CPU time.

55
The paint()
Method
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND);
g.setFont(font);
g.setColor(color);
g.drawString(hour / 10 + hour % 10 +
":" + minute / 10 + minute % 10 +
":" + second / 10 + second % 10,
10, 60);
}

56
Who Calls the
paint()method?
 Timer ticks and calls
ActionListener.actionPerformed()

 ActionListener.actionPerformed()
calls DigitalClock.repaint()

 DigitalClock.repaint() calls
DigitalClock.paint()
 The paint() method is usually not called
directly.
57
HTML
Source
<!-- DigitalClock.html -->
<html>
<head>
<title>Digital Clock Applet</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=black>
<h1>The Digital Clock Applet</h1><p>
<applet code=DigitalClock.class width=250 height=80>
</applet>
<p><hr>
<a href=DigitalClock.java>The source</a>
</body>
</html>

58

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