Lesson 3

Context of Text
Development
HYPERTEXT as a means of obtaining information in a
customized way.
Browsers and other similar technology have made it
easy for readers to obtain the information they want,
in the sequence that they prefer. This is through the
use of hypertext in a digital device
·A hypertext enabled text contains highlighted words or
sequence of words that, they clicked , takes the reader into
another text which is all about the highlighted words.

·universal resource locator (url), or as the web address

Hypertext, thus is a nonlinear way of showing information.

It connects topics on a screen to related information, graphics,
videos, and music.

This information appears as links. The reader can jump to more

information about a topic, which in turn may have more links.

This opens up the reader to wider horizon of information or to a

new direction
INTERTEXTUALITY
Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's
meaning by another text.

Intertextuality is a literary device that creates an

‘interrelationship between texts’ and generates
related understanding in separate works. These
references are made to influence the readers and add
layers of depth to a text, based on the readers’ prior
knowledge and understanding
Types of Intertextuality

Retelling – is when an author restates what

other texts contain. It can be a retelling of a
narrative or a re-expression of an idea or
concept.
 Pyramus and Thisbe are two lovers in the city of
Babylon who occupy connected houses, forbidden by Romeo and Juliet (( W. Shakespeare)
their parents to be wed, because of their parents'
An age-old vendetta between two powerful
rivalry. Through a crack in one of the walls, they
whisper their love for each other. They arrange to families erupts into bloodshed. A group of
meet near Ninus' tomb under a mulberry tree and masked Montagues risk further conflict by
state their feelings for each other. Thisbe arrives first, gatecrashing a Capulet party. A young
but upon seeing a lioness with a mouth bloody from a
lovesick Romeo Montague falls instantly in
recent kill, she flees, leaving behind her cloak. When
Pyramus arrives he is horrified at the sight of Thisbe's love with Juliet Capulet, who is due to marry
cloak which the lioness had torn and left traces of her father’s choice, the County Paris. With the
blood behind, as well as its tracks. Assuming that a help of Juliet’s nurse, the women arrange for
wild beast has killed her, Pyramus kills himself, falling
the couple to marry the next day, but
on his sword, a typical Babylonian way to commit
suicide, and in turn splashing blood on the white Romeo’s attempt to halt a street fight leads
mulberry leaves. Pyramus' blood stains the white to the death of Juliet’s own cousin, Tybalt, for
mulberry fruits, turning them dark. Thisbe returns, which Romeo is banished. In a desperate
eager to tell Pyramus what had happened to her, but
attempt to be reunited with Romeo, Juliet
she finds Pyramus' dead body under the shade of the
mulberry tree. Thisbe, after a brief period of follows the Friar’s plot and fakes her own
mourning, stabs herself with the same sword. In the death. The message fails to reach Romeo,
end, the gods listen to Thisbe's lament, and forever and believing Juliet dead, he takes his life in
change the color of the mulberry fruits into the
her tomb. Juliet wakes to find Romeo’s corpse
stained color to honor their forbidden love. Pyramus
and Thisbe proved to be faithful lovers to each other beside her and kills herself. The grieving
Types of Intertextuality

Allusion- is a brief and indirect reference to a

person, place, thing or idea of historical,
cultural, literary or political significance. It
does
not describe in detail the person or thing
to
which it refers. It is just a passing
comment and
the writer expects the reader to possess
enough knowledge to spot the allusion
and
Literary Allusions

• Achilles’ heel (alluding to the one weakness of

Achilles)
• arrow of love (allusion to Cupid)
• carrying the weight of the world on your
shoulders (allusion to Atlas)
• pushing a boulder uphill every day (allusion to
Sisyphus)
• hot as Hades (alluding to the god of death/king of the
underworld)
• looking like Venus (alluding to the goddess of beauty)
• Herculean effort (alluding to the strength of Hercules)
• opening Pandora’s box (alluding to Pandora’s myth of
letting trouble into the world)
Biblical Allusion

• garden (Eden, creation)

• Snake (serpent, Satan)
• the great flood (Noah’s Ark)
• cross (Christ, crucifixion)
• great patience (Job)
• betrayal (Judas)
• generosity/philanthropy (Good Samaritan)
Types of Intertextuality

Quotation – a very common interlinearity

relationship where an author directly lifts a
string of words form another text.
Example Nelson Mandela : “Education is the
most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world.”

Anne Duncan, US Secretary of Education:

“Education is the key to eliminating gender
inequality, to reducing poverty, to creating a
sustainable planet, preventing needless deaths
an illness and to fostering peace….”
The youth is the hope of Fatherland.

The youth is the hope of the future.

The youth of today are the leasders of tomorrow

Types of Intertextuality

Calque (loan translation ) is a word or phrase

borrowed from another language by literal word-
for-word or root-for-root translation to create a
new lexeme in the target language.
Adam's apple calques pomme d'Adam

crime of passion from crime passionnel

Intelligence quotient calques Intelligenzquotient

Watershed calques Wasserscheide

Milky Way calques via lactea

Blue-blood calques sangre azul

Moment of truth calques el momento de la verdad

Killer whale from ballena asesina

Types of Intertextuality

Pastiche - is a work of visual art, literature,

theatre, or music that imitates the style or character
of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike
parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the
work it imitates.
·The writers imitate the style and content of a literary
piece to highlight their work, as the original piece is
accepted by the vast majority of readers as
landmarks of their age. So, imitation in such works
celebrates the works of the great writers of the past.
The Ten Commandments
Ten Commandments for Students
1.I am the LORD your God: you shall
not have strange Gods before me. 1.Thou shalt have no other object of
2.You shall not take the name of the attention in the classroom.
LORD your God in vain. 2. Thou shalt honor thy fellow students.
3. Thou shalt assume the best intentions
3.Remember to keep holy the of the instructor and fellow students
LORD'S Day. 4. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s
4.Honor your father and your work.
mother. 5. Honor the work of the authors.
6. Thou shalt ask questions for the
5.You shall not kill. benefit of the good and welfare of the
6.You shall not commit adultery. class.
7.You shall not steal. 7. When all else fails, follow directions.
8. If thou speaks too much, step back.
8.You shall not bear false witness
9. Thou shalt figure out a goodly system
against your neighbor. to take notes.
9.You shall not covet your 10. Thou shalt be an active agent in
neighbor's wife. your own learning.
10. You shall not covet your
Types of Intertextuality

Parody - a humorous or satirical

imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing:
Parody, in literature, is an imitation of the style and
manner of a particular writer or school of writers.
It is typically negative in intent: it calls attention to a
writer’s perceived weaknesses or a school’s overused
conventions and seeks to ridicule them.
It can, however, serve a constructive purpose, or it
can be an expression of admiration.
It may also simply be a comic exercise
Spaceballs (parody of Star Wars)
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (parody of Robin Hood:
Prince of Thieves)
Fifty Shades of Black (parody of Fifty Shade of Grey)
Vampires Suck (parody of Twilight)
Meet the Spartans (parody of 300)
Bored of the Rings (Lord of the Rings parody)
Nightlight: A Parody (Twilight parody)
The Hunger Pains: A Parody (Hunger Games parody)