Chapter 1:

The Database Environment

IIMT 3601
Database Management

Chapter 1 1
 Objectives
Definition of terms
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems

Chapter 1 2
 Definitions
Database: organized collection of logically related
data
Data: stored representations of meaningful objects
and events
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video, documents
Information: data processed to be useful
Metadata: data that describes the properties and
context of user data

Chapter 1 3
Disadvantages of File Processing

Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget

Chapter 1 4
 Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain
his/her own data
 Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating, and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

Chapter 1 5
 Problems with Data Redundancy

Waste of space to have duplicate data

Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem:
Data changes in one file could cause
inconsistencies
Compromises in data integrity

Chapter 1 6
 SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach

Central repository of shared data

Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS

Chapter 1 7
 Database Management System
 A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
provide controlled access to user databases

Order Filing
System

Invoicing Central database

DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll
customer data
System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages

hardware resources
Chapter 1 8
Advantages of the Database
Approach
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Increased application development productivity
Enforcement of standards
Improved data quality
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Reduced program maintenance
Improved decision support

Chapter 1 9
Costs and Risks of the Database
Approach
New, specialized personnel
Installation and management cost and complexity
Conversion costs
Need for explicit backup and recovery
Organizational conflict

Chapter 1 10
Elements of the Database
Approach
Data models
Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
Enterprise Data Model–high-level entities and relationships for the
organization
Project Data Model–more detailed view, matching data structure in
database or data warehouse
Relational Databases
Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities
and primary/foreign keys representing relationships
Use of Internet Technology
Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases, client-server,
and 3-tier architectures
Database Applications
Application programs used to perform database activities (create, read,
update, and delete) for database users

Chapter 1 11
 Segment of an Enterprise Data Model

Segment of a Project-Level Data Model

Chapter 1 12
 One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
 One-to-many
relationship

Chapter 1 13
 One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
 One-to-many
relationship

Chapter 1 14
 One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
 One-to-many
relationship

Chapter 1 15
 Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders

 Many-to-many
relationship
Chapter 1 16
Figure 1-4 Enterprise data model for Figure 1-3 segments

Chapter 1 17
 Figure 1-5 Components of the Database
Environment

Chapter 1 18
 Components of the
Database Environment
CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) –software for
managing the database
Database–storehouse of the data
Application Programs–software using the data
User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for
maintaining the database
System Developers–personnel responsible for designing
databases and software
End Users–people who use the applications and databases
Chapter 1 19
The Range of Database
Applications
Personal databases
Workgroup databases
Departmental/divisional databases
Enterprise database

Chapter 1 20
Chapter 1 21
 Figure 1-6
Typical data
from a
personal
database

Chapter 1 22
 Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless
local area network

Chapter 1 23
 Three-tiered client/server database architecture

Chapter 1 2424
24
Enterprise Database Applications

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales,
marketing, inventory, accounting, human resources)
Data Warehouse
Integrated decision support system derived from various operational
databases
Big Data and Business Analytics
Massive amounts of real-time and multimedia data processed by
computer clusters in data center for decision support and business
forecasting

Chapter 1 25
 Figure 1-8 An enterprise data warehouse

Chapter 1 26
 Evolution of DB Systems

Big data platform

Chapter 1 27