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Integrator

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Juvelyn Moreno
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25 views14 pages

Integrator

Uploaded by

Juvelyn Moreno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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INTEGRATOR

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
IDEAL OP AMP:
THE IDEAL OP AMP IS AN EXTENSION OF THE CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL AMPLIFIER. AN IDEAL AMPLIFIER
HAS INFINITE INPUT IMPEDANCE, ZERO OUTPUT IMPEDANCE, AND A FIXED GAIN AT ALL
FREQUENCIES. AN IDEAL OP AMP IS SIMILAR TO AN IDEAL AMPLIFIER, BUT IT ALSO HAS INFINITE GAIN.

• Inverting Op Amp - An inverting


operational amplifier (op-amp) is a circuit
that amplifies an input signal and inverts
its polarity, resulting in an output voltage
that's 180° out of phase with the input
voltage

• Non-Inverting Op Amp - A non-inverting


op amp is an operational amplifier circuit
with an output voltage that is in phase
with the input voltage. Its complement is
the inverting op amp, which produces an
output signal that is 180o out of phase.

• Summing Op Amp - The Summing


Amplifier is a type of Op - Amp circuit
configuration . It is used to add all the
voltages present on two or more inputs to
get a single summing output voltage.
WHAT IS INTEGRATOR OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER?

• An operational amplifier (op-amp)


integrator is an electronic circuit
that performs mathematical
integration over time. This means
that the output voltage is
proportional to the input voltage
integrated over time.
INTEGRATOR OP AMP FUNCTIONALITY

• An operational amplifier (op-amp) integrator performs


mathematical integration by producing an output voltage
that is proportional to the input voltage integrated over time.
It can convert waveforms such as square waves to triangle
waves, triangle waves to sine waves, and sine waves to
cosine waves.
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS
• Input Resistor (R1): This resistor limits the current entering
the inverting (-) input of the op-amp and works with the
capacitor Cf to set the time constant for integration.
• Capacitor(Cf)
The feedback capacitor charges or discharges as current
flows through the feedback loop. The output voltage is
dependent on the value of the feedback capacitor.
• Resistor(R2)
The input resistor influences the amplitude of the output
signal. A resistor is often connected in parallel to the
capacitor to avoid saturation.
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS
• Input current (Vin):
The input current is offset by a negative feedback
current flowing in the capacitor.
• Input Resistor (R1):
This resistor limits the current entering the inverting
(-) input of the op-amp and works with the capacitor Cf
to set the time constant for integration.
• Capacitor(Cf)
The feedback capacitor charges or discharges as
current flows through the feedback loop. The output
voltage is dependent on the value of the feedback
capacitor.
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS
• Resistor(R2)
The input resistor influences the amplitude of the
output signal. A resistor is often connected in parallel
to the capacitor to avoid saturation.
• Op-amp:
An op-amp is an integrated circuit that amplifies the
difference in voltage between two input pins.
• Compensation Resistor (Rcomp):
This resistor is connected to the non-inverting (+)
terminal of the op-amp and ground. It helps balance
the input bias currents of the op-amp to reduce offset
voltage at the output, improving accuracy and
stability.
APPLICATIONS

Operational amplifier (op-amp) integrators are used in many applications, including:


• Analog computers: Integrator circuits are a key part of analog computers.
• Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs): Integrator circuits are a critical component of
ADCs.
• Wave-shaping circuits: Integrator circuits are often used as charge amplifiers in wave-
shaping circuits.
• Cruise control systems: Op-amp circuits are used in cruise control systems to maintain
a constant speed.
• Automatic gain control circuits: Op-amp integrators are a basic building block for
automatic gain control circuits.
APPLICATIONS

Analog Analog-to-digital Wave-shaping Automatic


Computers converters (ADCs) circuits gain control
circuit

Cruise control
systems
FORMULA AND EXAMPLE PROBLEM
ADVANTAGES
• Low Distortion:
Op-amp integrators are designed to provide high fidelity in signal
processing, resulting in minimal distortion of the input signal, making them
ideal for applications requiring precise waveform shaping.
• Better Linearity:
The output voltage of the op-amp integrator is directly proportional to the
time integral of the input voltage, ensuring a highly linear relationship
between input and output over a wide range of operation.
• Gain Can Be Controlled:
By adjusting the resistor and capacitor values in the circuit, the gain
(scaling factor of the integration process) can be easily tuned to meet
specific application requirements.
DISADVANTAGES

• Limited Frequency Range:


The op-amp integrator functions effectively as an integrator only within a
specific frequency range. Outside this range, its behavior deviates from
ideal, limiting its usefulness in broader frequency applications.
• Distorted Output Beyond Frequency Range:
At frequencies higher than the designed range, the output signal can
become distorted due to phase shifts, reduced gain, or limitations in the op-
amp's performance.
• Dependence on Op-Amp Parameters:
Factors like the op-amp’s bandwidth, slew rate, and input offset voltage
significantly influence the accuracy of the output, potentially deviating from
the expected ideal response.
THANK YOU

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