TR1005 - Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1: Introduction

Fundamentals of fluid mechanics

Bruce R. Munson, Theodore H. Okiishi, Wade W. Huebsch, Alric P. Rothmayer—7th edition

Lecturer: Vuong Thi Hong Nhi

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF TRANSPORTATION

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Course content
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation
Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics
Chapter 5: Finite Control Volume Analysis
Chapter 6: Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
Chapter 7: Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling
Chapter 8: Viscous Flow in Pipes
Chapter 9: Flow Over Immersed Bodies

Course materials
[1] Munson and al, “Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, John Willey & Sons Inc, 7th Edition
[2] Frank M. White, “Fluid Mechanics”- 7th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill
[3] Nakayama Y., Boucher R.F, “Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
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Fluid Statics Fluid Kinematics Fluid Dynamics

• The fluid is either • fluid motions • fluid motions with

at rest without being being concerned
or moving in such concerned with with the actual
a manner that the actual forces forces
there is no necessary to • Bernoulli Equation
relative motion produce the (Chapter 3)
between adjacent motion. • Conservation laws
particles. • velocity and in Integral Form
• Chapter 2 acceleration (Chapter 5)
• Chapter 4 and 6.1 • Conservation laws
in Differential
Form (Chapter 6)

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Evaluation form & ratio

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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1.1 Introduction

• Fluid mechanics is the discipline within the broad field of applied mechanics
that is concerned with the behavior of liquids and gases at rest or in
motion.

• It covers a vast array of phenomena that occur in nature, in biology, and in

numerous engineered, invented, or manufactured situations.

• The flow conditions is strongly dependent on the value of the numerous

parameters that describe fluid flow such as: (1) the physical size of the flow, ;
(2) the speed of the flow, V; and (3) the pressure, p.

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 Fluid characteristics can be described
1.2. Dimensions and Units qualitatively in terms of certain basic
quantities such as length, time, and mass.

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1.2. Dimensions and Units
Physical quantities Dimensions SI Units BG Units Two systems of units that are
Length L m ft
Mass M kg lbm widely used in engineering
slug are the British Gravitational
Area L2 m2 ft2 (BG) System and the
Volume L3 m3 ft3
International System (SI).
Volume flowrate L3T-1 m3/s ft3/s
gal/min (gpm)
Time T s s When solving problems it is
Velocity LT-1 m/s ft/s important to use a consistent
Acceleration LT-2 m/s2 ft/s2
Density ML-3 kg/m3 lbm/ft3
system of units.
Force MLT-2 N lb
Energy ML2T-2 kg/m3 slugs/ft3
J Btu, ft.lb
Power ML2T-3 W ft.lb/s , hp
Pressure ML-1T-2 N/m2 in. Hg (60F)
Viscosity (dynamic) ML-1T-1 N  s/m2 lb  s/ft2
Viscosity (kinematic) L2T-1 m2/s ft2/s
Temperature  C F
K R Must remember!
Specific weight ML-2T-2 N/m3 lb/ft3

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1.2. Dimensions and Units

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1.2. Dimensions and Units

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1.2. Dimensions and Units

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1.2. Dimensions and Units

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1.2. Dimensions and Units

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1.3 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
Definition Formula Units
Density mass per unit volume kg/m3
lbm/ft3
Specific volume volume per unit mass m3/kg
ft3/lbm
Specific weight weight per unit volume N/m3
lb/ft3
Specific gravity fluid density per water density
(tỷ trọng) (at a certain temperature)

Ideal Gas Law

The equation of state
for an ideal gas

where p is the absolute pressure, is the density, T is the

absolute temperature, and R is a gas constant.
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1.4. Viscosity
• Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion or the fluidity
• The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation.
• Viscosity is due to the internal frictional for that develops between different layers of fluids as
they are forced to move relative to each other.
• Viscosity measures a fluids ability to resist shear stress

The shearing stress and rate of shearing strain can be related with a relationship of the form

where is absolute viscosity, dynamic viscosity, or simply the viscosity of the fluid

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1.4. Viscosity Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the
rate of shearing strain are designated as Newtonian fluids.

Fluids for which the shearing stress is not linearly related to the
rate of shearing strain are designated as non-Newtonian fluids.

The slope of the shearing stress versus rate of shearing strain

graph is denoted as the apparent viscosity .

For Newtonian fluids the apparent viscosity is the same as the

viscosity and is independent of shear rate.

Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of the absolute

viscosity to the fluid density

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1.4. Viscosity

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1.4. Viscosity

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1.5. Compressibility of Fluids

• Incompressibility: Density is constant.

• Compressibility: Density changes with time.

A property that is commonly used to characterize

compressibility is the bulk modulus, defined as:

where dp is the differential change in pressure needed to create a differential change

in volume, of a volume, .
Units of bulk modulus are lb/in2 (psi) or N/m2 (Pa).
Large values for the bulk modulus indicate that the fluid is relatively incompressible.

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1.5. Compressibility of Fluids

Compression and Expansion of Gases

Isothermal process (Đẳng nhiệt): The compression or expansion

takes place under constant temperature conditions.

Isentropic process (Đoạn nhiệt): The compression or expansion

is frictionless and no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.

k is the ratio of the specific heat at constant

pressure , to the specific heat at constant volume

The two specific heats are related to the gas constant, R

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1.5. Compressibility of Fluids
EXAMPLE 1.6 Isentropic Compression of a Gas

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1.5. Compressibility of Fluids

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1.5. Compressibility of Fluids
Speed of Sound

The velocity at which small disturbances

propagate in a fluid is called the speed of sound.

Since the disturbance is small, there is negligible heat

transfer and the process is assumed to be isentropic.

For the ideal gas law

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1.6. Surface The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line in the surface
is called the surface tension.
tension
The dimensions of surface tension are MT-2 with BG units of lb/ft and SI units of N/m
The magnitude of the capillary rise in a circular tube can be determined from a force
balance on the cylindrical liquid column of height h in the tube
The weight of the liquid column is approximately

The vertical component of the surface tension force

Equating the vertical component of the surface tension force to the weight gives
=  

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1.6. Surface tension

Two vertical, parallel, clean glass plates are spaced a distance of

2 mm apart. If the plates are placed in water, how high will the
water rise between the plates due to capillary action?

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Summary

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