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Correlation

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Eureka Trisha Balagbis
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21 views35 pages

Correlation

Uploaded by

Eureka Trisha Balagbis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 7:

Correlation
Analysis
Leader: Eureka Trisha A. Balagbis
Members: Edison A. Achay
Marvin G. Acol
Ian Balano
Ralph Justine Estil
Diana Frances Lavado
Pia Mae Norombaba
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Define correlation
• Define correlation analysis
• Define correlation coefficient
• Interpret and evaluate the Pearson’s Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient
• Use SPSS Statistics in interpreting and evaluating the
Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
• Identify other measures of correlation
CORRELATION:
Correlation is a statistical measure
that expresses the extent to which
two variables are linearly related
(meaning they change together at a
constant rate).
It’s a common tool for describing
simple relationships without making a
statement about cause and effect.
CORRELATION:
The sample correlation
coefficient, r, quantifies the
strength of the relationship.
Correlations are also tested for
statistical significance.
Correlations are useful for
describing simple relationships
among data.
EXAMPLE:
What do correlation numbers mean?
We describe correlations with a unit-free
measure called the correlation
coefficient which ranges from -1 to +1 and
is denoted by r.
Statistical significance is indicated with a
p-value. Therefore, correlations are
typically written with two key
numbers: r = and p = .
Correlation Number Meaning

The closer r is to zero weak linear relationship

Positive r values directly proportional

Negative r values inversely proportional

Unit-free measure means that correlations


exist on their own scale
CORRELATION
ANALYSIS
PARAMETRIC: PEARSON
PEARSON’S PRODUCT-MOMENT
COEFFECIENT CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
Parametric: (Pearson’s
Coefficient)
Data must be handled in
relation to the parameters of
populations or probability
distributions.
PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Pearson correlation coefficient, also known
as Pearson R statistical test, measures the
strength between the different variables
and their relationships.
PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT
FORMULA

N Represents the number of pairs of data

 Denotes the summation the summation of the items indicated


Denotes the exam of all X scores
X
Indicates that each X scores should be squared and then those squares summed
x
2

 X  2
Indicates that each X scores should be summed and the total squared.

Y Denotes the exam of all Y scores


Indicates that each Y scores should be squared and then those squares summed
Y
2

 Y  2
Indicates that each Y scores should be summed and the total squared.
Indicates that X score should be first multiplied by its corresponding Y score and the product (XY)
 XY summed.
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the
correlation between
Mathematics (X) and
Physics (Y) for the 10
students whose
scores appeared in
the Table below.
CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
The correlation
coefficient is a statistical
measure of the strength
of a linear relationship
between two variables.
POSITIVE CORRELATION
Any score from +0.5 to
+1 indicates a very
strong positive
correlation, which means
that they both increase
at the same time.
NEGATIVE CORRELATION
Any score from -0.5 to
-1 indicate a strong
negative correlation,
which means that as
one variable increases,
the other decreases
proportionally.
NO CORRELATION
A core of 0 indicates that NO CORRELATION
there is no correlation, or
relationship, between the
two variables.

The height of students and


their average exam scores
EVALUATING COEFFICIENT
Strength of Negative Positive
Correlation
Negligible Correlation -0.20 – 0.00 0.20 – 0.00
Low Correlation -0.21 – 0.40 0.21 – 0.40
Moderate Correlation -0.41 – 0.70 0.41 – 0.70
High Correlation -0.071 – 0.90 0.071 – 0.90
Very High Correlation -0.91 – 0.99 0.91 – 0.99
Perfect Correlation -1.00 1.00
PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT IN SPSS
It is a measure of the strength and
direction of association that exists between
two variables measured on at least an
interval scale.
Attempts to draw a line of best fit through
the data of two variables, and the Pearson
correlation coefficient, r, indicates how far
away all these data points are from this line
of best fit.
ASSUMPTIONS
Assumption 1: Your two variables should be
measured at the interval or ratio level
Assumption 2: There is a linear relationship
between your two variables.
ASSUMPTIONS
Assumption 3: There should be no significant outliers.

Assumption 4: Your variables should be approximately


normally distributed.
SPSS STATISTICS PROCEDURE IN
PERFORMING A PEARSON PRODUCT-
MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT IN
SPSS
A researcher wants to know whether a
person's height is related to how well they
perform in a long jump.
The researcher recruited untrained
individuals from the general population,
measured their height and had them perform
a long jump.
SPSS STATISTICS PROCEDURE IN
PERFORMING A PEARSON PRODUCT-
MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT IN
SPSS
The researcher then investigated whether
there was an association between height
and long jump performance by running a
Pearson's correlation.
6 Steps How to Analyze Data using
Pearson’s correlation in SPSS
1. Click Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate... on the
main menu, as shown below:
6 Steps How to Analyze Data using
Pearson’s correlation in SPSS
You will be presented with the Bivariate Correlations
dialogue box:
6 Steps How to Analyze Data using
Pearson’s correlation in SPSS
2.Transfer the variables Height and Jump_Dist into
the Variables: box by dragging-and-dropping them or by
clicking on them and then clicking on the button. You
will end up with a screen similar to the one below:
6 Steps How to Analyze Data using
Pearson’s correlation in SPSS
3.Make sure that the Pearson checkbox is selected
under the –Correlation Coefficients– area
(although it is selected by default in SPSS
Statistics).
6 Steps How to Analyze Data using
Pearson’s correlation in SPSS
4. Click on the button and
you will be presented with
the Bivariate Correlations:
Options dialogue box. If you wish
to generate some descriptive, you
can do it here by clicking on the
relevant checkbox in the –
Statistics– area.
6 Steps How to Analyze Data using
Pearson’s correlation in SPSS
5.Click on the button. You will
be returned to the Bivariate
Correlations dialogue box.

6.Click on the button. This will


generate the results of Pearson's
correlation.
Output for Pearson's R Correlation
In this example, we can see that the Pearson
correlation coefficient, r, is 0.706, and that it is
statistically significant (p = 0.005). For interpreting
multiple correlations, see our enhanced Pearson’s
guide.
INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULT
A Pearson product-moment correlation was
run to determine the relationship between
height and distance jumped in a long jump.
There was a strong, positive correlation
between height and distance jumped, which
was statistically significant (r = .706, n = 14, p
= .005).
OTHER MEASURE OF CORRELATION
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
This coefficient is used to see if there is
any significant relationship between the
two datasets, and operates under the
assumption that the data being used is
ordinal, which here means that the
numbers do not indicate quantity, but
rather they signify a position of place of the
subject’s standing (e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)

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