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Unit 2

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9 views39 pages

Unit 2

Uploaded by

tryingtobeteribble
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DISPLACEMENT,

PROXIMITY AND
RANGING SENSORS
Unit II
Introduction
• Motion sensor detects moving objects.
• It was invented in the year 1950 by Samuel Bango.
• It is based on the principle of the Doppler Effect.
• Microwave and infrared sensors are used to detect motion by changes in the
frequencies they produce.
• Motion sensors are used for security systems.
• The main part of the motion sensor is the dual IR reflective sensor.
• Types:
• Passive Infrared Sensor
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Microwave sensor
• Tomographic sensor
Potentiometers
• It measures the displacement of an object in a linear or rotary motion and
converts it into an electrical signal.
• It is of a resistive type which works on the principle of change of resistance of the
wire with its length.
• To measure the displacement of an object, which is moving, is connected to the
sliding element of the potentiometer.
• If the object moves, the position of the slider located on the potentiometer also
changes the resistance between the fixed point and the slider changes. Due to
that, the output voltage also changes.
Resolver
• It is a rotary transformer used for the conversion of the angular position of the shaft into
cartesian coordinates.
• The output of the transducer has two signals, one is proportional to the sine angle and the
other is proportional to the cosine angle.
• Resolver is an electromagnetic device which consists of two stators and two rotor windings.
• The alternating voltage is applied across the stator windings which induces the alternating
magnetic flux.
• This flux induces the voltage in the rotor windings.
• The output voltage of the rotor is equal to the sine and cosine angle of the stator.
• Types: Computing Resolver and Synchro Resolver
Encoders
• The digital transducers are commonly known as encoders. They are also
called digitizer which converts the continuous analog signal into binary
data.
• Tachometer transducer with single output
• Incremental transducer – two or three output
• Absolute encoders – Used for measuring single revolution
• Linear and rotary encoders
• Optical encoders
• Incremental encoders
• Absolute encoders
Optical Encoders
• Encoders provide a digital output as a result of a linear or angular displacement.
• Groups:
• Incremental Encoders – It detects changes in rotation from some datum position.
• Absolute Encoders – It gives the actual angular position.
Inductive Transducers
Capacitive Transducer
Capacitive transducers work in the principle of electrical capacitance. C depends on the electric medium used and the
properties of the capacitive system.
Fly By Wire
Inertial Navigation Systems
• This system derives attitude, velocity and heading
information from measurements of aircraft
accelerations.
• Four basic components of INS are, stable platform,
accelerometers, integrators and computer.
Accelerometers
• An accelerometer is a compact device designed to measure non-
gravitational acceleration. When the object goes from a standstill to
any velocity, the accelerometer is designed to respond to the
vibrations associated with such movement.
• It uses microscopic crystals that go under stress when vibrations occur,
and from that stress a voltage is generated to create a reading on any
acceleration. The accelerometer measures linear acceleration based
on vibration.
• The first accelerometer was called the Atwood machine and was
invented by the English physicist George Atwood in 1783.
Types of Accelerometers
• Resistive
• Capacitive
• Fiber Optic
• Servo or Force Balance
• Vibrating Quartz
• Piezoelectric
Capacitive Accelerometer
Sensing Mechanism
Types:

In-Plane Sensing
a. Lateral Sensing – Change in overlapping
length
b. Transverse Sensing – Change in finger gap.

Out-of-plane sensing:

Change in Overlapping Width.


Range Sensors
• Range sensors are used to measure locations on surfaces. It collects
surface data via non-contact, optical method. Several approaches
used in range sensors are,
• Triangulation Method
• Structured lighting method
• Time of Flight range finders.
• Laser range finder finds the range by using the above three methods
along with the Target identification.
Ultrasonic Ranging
• Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves.
• It uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that rely on information about
an object’s proximity.
• High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns.
• Humans can detect sounds in a frequency range from about 20 Hz to 20 KHz. In
ultrasonic detection, 100 KHz to 50 MHz frequency range ultrasound were used.
• Whenever an obstacle comes ahead of the ultrasonic sensor the sound waves will reflect
back in the form of an echo and generates an electric pulse.
• It calculates the time difference between the transmitted sound waves and received
echoes.

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