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Chapter 4 Remote Communication

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9 views62 pages

Chapter 4 Remote Communication

Uploaded by

rajand2510
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DISTRIBUTED

COMPUTING
Sunita Mahajan,
Mahajan Principal, Institute of
Computer Science, MET League of
Colleges, Mumbai

Seema Shah,
Shah Principal, Vidyalankar
Institute of Technology, Mumbai
University

© Oxford University Press 2011


Chapter - 4
Remote Communication

© Oxford University Press 2011


Topics
• Introduction to Remote Communication
• Remote Procedural Call Basics
• RPC Implementation
• RPC Communication
• Other RPC Issues
• Case Study: Sun RPC
• Remote invocation Basics
• RMI Implementation

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Introduction to Remote
Communication

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Introduction
• Middleware

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Remote Procedural Call Basics

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Local Procedure Call

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Remote Procedure Call
• Basic RPC operation

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RPC operation

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Elements of RPC mechanism
implementation
• Client
• Client stub
• RPC Runtime
• Server stub
• Server

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RPC Execution

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Stub generation
• Manual generation
• Auto generation using Interface Definition
Language (IDL)

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RPC Compilation

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RPC Implementation

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RPC implementation
• RPC messages:
– Call / Request
– Reply

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RPC Call/ Request message

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RPC reply conditions

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RPC reply message

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Parameter Passing Semantics
• Call-by-value semantic
– Marshalling
• Call-by –reference semantic
• Call-by-copy/restore semantic
Call-by-value copies all parameters into a message
before transmission . Call-by-reference passes
pointers to the parameters that are passed from
the client to the server. Call-by-copy/restore uses
temporary storage accessible to both programs

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Call-by-value semantic

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Byte ordering

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Server management
• Server implementation
– Stateless server
– Stateful server
• Server management
– Instance per call
– Instance per session
– Persistent servers

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RPC communication
• RPC call semantics

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Orphan calls
• Calls whose caller has expired due to a node
crash
• Handle orphan calls by using:
– Extermination
– Reincarnation
– Gentle reincarnation
– Expiration

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RPC communication protocols
• Request protocol
• Request/Reply protocol
• Request/Reply/ Acknowledge- Reply protocol

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Request protocol

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Asynchronous RPC

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Request/Reply protocol

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Request/Reply/ Acknowledge- Reply
protocol

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Client server binding process

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Client Server binding
• Issues • Types of binding
– Server naming – Fixed binding
– Server locating – Dynamic binding
• Binding agent primitives • At compile time
• At link time
– Register
• At run time
– Deregister
– Lookup

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Other RPC Issues

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Other issues in RPC implementation
• Exception handing and security
• Failure handling
• Optimizing RPC execution
• Various types of complicated RPCs

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RPC in heterogeneous environment
• Data presentation
• Transport protocol
• Control protocol

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Failure handling mechanism in RPC
• Client cannot find the server
• Request from client to the server is lost
• Reply from server to the client is lost
• Server crashes after getting the request
• Client crashes after sending the request

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RPC Optimization

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Concurrent access to multiple servers
• Use of threads
• Early reply technique
• Call buffering approach
• Serving multiple requests simultaneously
• Reducing call workload of server
• Using reply cache for idempotent RPC

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Early Reply technique

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Call buffer approach

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Complicated and special RPCs
• Complicated RPCs
– RPCs with long duration calls or with gaps
between calls
– RPCs with long messages
• Special RPCs:
– Call back RPC
– Broadcast RPC
– Batch mode RPC

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Call back RPC
• Client handle is provided to the server
• Client process should wait for callback RPC
• Handle callback deadlocks

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Case Study: Sun RPC

© Oxford University Press 2011


Case Study- Sun RPC
• Uses rpcgen compiler which generates
– Header file
– XDR filter file
– Client stub file
– Server stub file

© Oxford University Press 2011


Remote invocation Basics

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Remote Object Invocation
• Distributed object concept
– Remote objects reference
– Remote interface

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RMI

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RMI vs LMI

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RMI Implementation

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RMI implementation
Design issues in RMI

• RMI invocation • RMI invocation semantics


semantics – Maybe semantics
• Level of transparency – At-least-once semantics
– Marshalling – At-most-once semantics
– Message passing
– Task of locating and
contacting the remote
object for the client

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Invocation semantics

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Level of Transparency

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Components of RMI

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RMI execution components
• Communication module
• Remote reference module
• RMI software
• Server program
• Client program
• Binder

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RMI execution

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RMI software
• Proxy
• Dispatcher
• Skeleton

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Types of objects

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Remote invocation readiness

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RMI binding
• Implicit binding
• Explicit binding

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Parameter passing in RMI
• Pass by value
• Pass by reference

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Case study: Java RMI

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Java RMI layer

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Summary
• Introduction to Remote Communication
• Remote Procedural Call Basics
• RPC Implementation
• RPC Communication
• Other RPC Issues
• Case Study: Sun RPC
• Remote invocation Basics
• RMI Implementation

© Oxford University Press 2011

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