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Module 3- Processors

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Abhigyan Ganguly
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Module 3- Processors

Uploaded by

Abhigyan Ganguly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture- 3

Subject Name: Computer Architecture


Subject Code: PCC-CS402
Credit: 3
L-T-P: 3-0-0
Faculty Name: Dr. Abhigyan Ganguly

Designation: Assistant Professor


A superscalar processor
 is a specific type of microprocessor that uses instruction-level parallelism to help to facilitate more than
one instruction executed during a clock cycle.
 A superscalar processor is created to produce an implementation rate of more than one instruction per clock
cycle for a single sequential program. Superscalar processor design defines as a set of methods that enable
the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to manage the throughput of more than one instruction per
cycle while performing a single sequential program.
 superscalar design techniques involve parallel instruction decoding, parallel register renaming, speculative
execution, and out-of-order execution.
 These techniques are usually employed along with complementing design techniques including pipelining,
caching, branch prediction, and multi-core in current microprocessor designs.
VLIW Architecture
 VLIW represents a Very long instruction word.
 It is an instruction set architecture constructed to take complete benefit of instruction-level parallelism (ILP)
for upgraded performance.
 Central processing unit processors enable programs to designate instructions to execute in order only
whereas a VLIW processor enables programs to explicitly determine instructions to implement in parallel.
 This design is designed to enable higher implementation without the complexity inherent in some different
designs.
VLIW Architecture Superscalar Processor
VLIW Architecture receives single multi- Superscalar processor except for a traditional sequential
operation instruction. flow of instruction but it can issue multiple instructions.

VLIW approach needs very long instruction The superscalar processor receives sequential streams then
words to specify what each execution unit it is decoded and the issues unit will issue multiple
should do. instructions for multiple execution units. In superscalar, the
instruction unit can issue 2 to 6 instructions per cycle.

VLIW architecture processors expect Superscalar processors do not expect dependency-free code
dependency-free code. to deal with dependencies using special hardware.

VLIW is less complex. Superscalar processors with the same degree of parallelism
are more complex than VLIW architecture.

VLIW is used for static scheduling. Superscalar is used for dynamic scheduling.
The super-pipelined Architecture
 is based on dividing the stages of a pipeline into several substages, and thus, it
increases the number of instructions which are handled by the pipeline at the same
time.
 For example, by dividing each stage into two substages, a pipeline can perform at
twice the speed in the ideal situation.
 Super-pipelining seeks to improve the sequential instruction rate, while superscalar
seeks to improve the parallel instruction rate.
 Most modern processors are both superscalar and super-pipelined.
Vector (Array) Processor
Array processors are also known as multiprocessors or vector processors. They perform
computations on large arrays of data. Thus, they are used to improve the performance
of the computer.
Types of Array Processors
There are basically two types of array processors:
1.Attached Array Processors
2.SIMD Array Processors
Attached Array Processors
An attached array processor is a
processor which is attached to a general
purpose computer and its purpose is to
enhance and improve the performance
of that computer in numerical
computational tasks. It achieves high
performance by means of parallel
SIMD Array Processors
SIMD is the organization of a
single computer containing
multiple processors operating in
parallel. The processing units
are made to operate under the
control of a common control
unit, thus providing a single
instruction stream and multiple
data streams.
It contains a set of identical processing
elements (PE's), each of which is having
a local memory M. Each processor
element includes an ALU and registers.
Why use the Array Processor?
 Array processors increases the overall instruction processing speed.
 As most of the Array processors operates asynchronously from the host CPU, hence it improves
the overall capacity of the system.
 Vector and array processing technology is not usually used in home or office computers. This technology is most often
seen in high-traffic servers.
 Array Processors has its own local memory, hence providing extra memory for systems with
low memory.
Vector and array processing are essentially
the same because, with slight and rare
differences, a vector processor and an array
processor are the same type of processor. A
processor, or CPU, is a computer chip that
handles most of the information and functions
processed through a computer. A vector
processor is in contrast to the simpler scalar
processor, which handles only one piece of
The End

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