English Phonology and

Morphology
Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies

Start!

Ms. Vanessa T. Alberto

 Objectives

o Compare and contrast concatenative and non-

concatenative morpho-phonological processes.
o Demonstrate the utilization of concatenative and non-
concatenative morpho-phonological processes in
analyzing words.
o Create a theory model of the interaction between
morphology and phonology using technological tools
and platforms.
 Contents

1. Types of Conditioning: Phonological vs Morphological

Processes of Word Formation
4.1. Affixation
- Inflection
- Derivation
4.2. Back Formation
4.3. Compounding
4.4. Reduplication
 Contents

4.5. Clipping
4.6. Blending
4.7. Echoism/Onomatopoeia
4.8. Coinage/Invention
4.9. Borrowing
5. Morphophonemic Changes
5.1. Loss of Phonemes
5.2. Addition of Phonemes
5.3. Simple Consonant Change
 Contents

5.4. Assimilation
5.5. Dissimilation
5.6. Synthesis
5.7. Change of Syllabic Vowel or Diphthong
5.8. Stress Shift
5.9. Gradation
 Morphological Processes of Word
Formation
Processes of Description Examples
Word Formation
1. Affixation Affixation is the morphological process in by which bound morphemes are
attached to a roots or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or
grammatical relationships.
• Inflection Inflectional affixes show grammatical Horses, Mary’s, walked,
relationships between words or eaten, reading, brighter,
grammatical contrast brightest
• Derivation Derivational affixes derive new words by Derail, ex-president,
altering the definitional meaning or the incapable, anti-social,
grammatical category of a word predate, subway, disengage,
mistreat, nonsense
2. Back Formation Refers to the process of creating a new Abduction-abduct, advisory-
word by removing affixes from an existing advisor, aggression-aggress,
word. It means removing part of a word to aviation-aviate, bulldozer-
make a new word. Most often, it involves bulldoze, diagnosis-
making a new verb from an existing diagnose, donation-donate
noun
 Morphological Processes of Word
Formation
Processes of Description Examples
Word Formation
3. Compounding When two or more words are combined Gatekeeper, smartphone,
together to form a new word guardian angel, French toast,
Dark-skinned, merry-go-round
4. Reduplication A word formation process in which some Knock-knock, wiggy waggy dog,
part of a base (a segment, syllable, chit chat, criss cross, see saw,
morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, handy dandy, hurly burly, bow
or to the right of the word or, occasionally, wow, teeny weeney, boogie
within the middle of the word. woogie, lovey dovey
5. Clipping Also called truncation or shortening is a Back: Examination – exam,
word formation by removing some memorandum –memo, Fore:
segments of an existing word to create a university-varsity, Mid: influenza-
synonym. flu
6. Blending A way of forming new lexical units by Breakfast + lunch = brunch,
putting together parts of existing words. gleam + shimmer = glimmer,
camera + recorder = camcorder,
motor + hotel = motel
 Morphological Processes of Word
Formation
Processes of Description Examples
Word
Formation
7. Echoism/ It is the formation of words whose sound Hiss, peewee, roar, clang, click,
Onomatopoeia suggests their meaning. murmur, whisper
8. Coinage/ It is the creation of new words without Kodak, goof, aspirin, nylon,
Invention reference to the existing morphological Vaseline, zipper, Kleenex, Teflon,
resources of the language, that is, solely Tylenol, xerox
out of the sounds of the language.
9. Borrowing It is the process of taking words from other French: croissant, Arabic: sofa,
languages. lemon, algebra, Turkish: yogurt,
Greek: democracy, Dutch:
cookie, Japanese: haiku, Italian:
pizza, Tagalog: yoyo
 Morphophonemic Changes
Morphophonemic Description Examples
Changes
1. Loss of One or more phonemes that are present {in} inert, intemperate,
Phonemes in the normal allomorph may be missing indirect, invisible, insecure,
in another allomorph. {i} irregular, immodest,
irreligious, illegal
2. Addition of One phoneme which is not present in the {n} solemn – solemnize
Phoneme normal allomorph may be added to {g} long – longer – longest
another allomorph.
3. Consonant A consonant changes to another pen – pens
Change consonant. A very common type of
consonant change is voicing, a voiceless
consonant changes to a voiced
consonant.
4. Assimilation Describes how sounds modify each other {in-} becomes /im-/ -
when they meet, usually across word impossible
boundaries, but within words too. {en-} becomes /em-/ -
empower
 Morphophonemic Changes
Morphophonem Description Examples
ic Changes
5. Dissimilation It occurs when the combining of two {in-} becomes /ig-/ in ignoble
morphemes brings together two
identical phonemes, it results in the
change of one of them to a phoneme
less like its neighbor.
6. Synthesis It is the fusion of two consonants into a /-t-/ + /-y-/ becomes /-e/ in
single new phoneme. nature
/-s-/ + /-y-/ becomes /-s-/ in
pressure
7. Change of It is the substitution of another syllabic /-e-/ a /-ou-/ in swell becomes
Syllabic Vowel vowel or diphthong for the one which swollen
appears in the normal allomorph. /-iy-/ -> /-e-/ in please becomes
pleasant
 Morphophonemic Changes
Morphophonemic Description Examples
Changes
8. Stress Shift It usually happens when a certain affix Syntax - syntactic
is added to a word. Linguist - linguistic
9. Gradation When the process of derivation involves Instrument – instrumental
a stress shift; it usually also involves Refer - reference
certain types of vowel change.
10. Suppletion It is the occurrence of an allomorph Ox – oxen
completely different in its phonemic Go – went
structure from the normal form.
English Phonology and
Morphology
Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies

Start!

Ms. Vanessa T. Alberto