MIT Art, Design and Technology University

MIT School of Computing, Pune

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Class: First Year Engineering
Subject : Electrical and Electronics Engineering (23CSE1104)

Unit-IV – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Prof. Tushar Mote

AY 2024-2025 SEM-I
 MIT School of Computing
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Unit-IV Syllabus
Main Topic-1: Introduction, digital signals,
Basic logic gates and universal gates: AND,
OR, NOR, NOT, NAND,PLDEX-OR, EX-NOR.
Main Topic-2: Arithmetic circuits: Half Adder,
Full Adder,
Main Topic-3:Introduction of VLSI systems
and digital applications
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 MIT School of Computing
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Unit-IV – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Course Learning Objectives: To study logic gates and their applications.

Course Outcome(CO4): Design logic circuits
PLD
and its implementation using logic
gates.
Reference Books:

1. R.P.Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics” Tata McGraw Hill (Second edition).

2. A.P. Malvino, D.P. leach, G. Saha, “Digital principles and Applications”, Tata
McGraw Hill, (Sev-enth edition).

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 Introduction of Digital Electronics
Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study
and application of digital signals and the devices that use or
generate them. It forms the backbone of modern technology,
including computers, mobile phones, and many other electronic
devices.
Logic gates are electronic circuits that can be used to implement
the most elementary logic expressions, also known as Boolean
expressions.
The logic gate is the most basic building block of combinational
logic.

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 Key Concepts in Digital Electronics
1. Digital vs. Analog Signals
• Analog Signals: Continuous signals that vary over time and can take any value within a
given range. Examples include audio signals and temperature readings.
• Digital Signals: Discrete signals that have only two states, typically represented as 0 and
1 (binary). Digital signals are less susceptible to noise and are easier to store and
manipulate with digital systems.
2. Binary Number System
• Binary Numbers: The foundation of digital electronics, where data is represented using
two symbols, 0 and 1. Each binary digit (bit) represents an exponential power of 2.
• Bits and Bytes: A bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A group of 8 bits forms a
byte.

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 Signal Types
 Analog signals take on
continuous values - typically
current or voltage.
 Digital signals appear at discrete
levels. Usually we use binary
signals which utilize only two
levels.
 One level is referred to as logical 1
and logical 0 is assigned to the
other level.

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Applications of Digital Electronics
• Computing: The core technology behind all computers and servers.
• Communication: Used in mobile phones, wireless communication, and
the internet.
• Consumer Electronics: Found in TVs, digital cameras, gaming consoles,
and home automation systems.
• Industrial Automation: Used in robotics, control systems, and
instrumentation.
• Medical Devices: Essential in imaging systems, diagnostic equipment,
and patient monitoring systems.
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Advantages of Digital Electronics
• Noise Immunity: Less susceptible to noise compared to analog
systems.
• Reproducibility: Digital circuits can be reproduced exactly,
making them highly reliable.
• Ease of Design: Digital circuits are easier to design using
computer-aided design (CAD) tools.
• Data Storage: Digital data can be easily stored, retrieved, and
processed by computers.
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 BASIC LOGIC GATES
 A logic gate is a basic building block of a
digital circuit.
 It is an electronic circuit that has one or more
than one inputs and onePLDoutput.
 The relationship between the i/p and the o/p is
based on a certain logic.
 Logic gates perform basic logical functions.

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AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

Y=A.B

Y=A+B

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NAND Gate NOR Gate

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Exclusive-OR Gate Exclusive-NOR Gate

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Universal Gates
• A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to
use any other gate type.
• The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
• In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and
easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

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Design of Basic Gates using NAND Gate

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Design of Basic Gates using NOR Gate

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 All digital gates
with its IC Pin
outs

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Standard Representations for Logic Functions
● Sum-of-Products (SOP)
− Derived from the Truth table for a function by
considering those rows for which F = 1.
− The logical sum (OR) of product (AND) terms.
− Realized using an AND-OR circuit.
● Product-of-Sums (POS)
− Derived from the Truth table for a function by
considering those rows for which F = 0.
− The logical product (AND) of sum (OR) terms.
− Realized using an OR-AND circuit.

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 Sum-of-Products

AND

SUM

Y' + X'YZ' + XY

OR
x.y

Product
AND Term

Product Term = Logical ANDing of literals

Sum = Logical ORing of product terms
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 Boolean Algebra Rules

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 Boolean Algebra Rules

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KARNAUGH Map Representation for Logic Gates

Note the
Order

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 HALF ADDER
• A half-adder is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to add two bits.
• Such a circuit thus has two inputs that represent the two bits to be added and two
outputs, with one producing the SUM output and the other producing the CARRY.
• The Boolean expressions for the SUM and CARRY outputs are given by
the equations

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 FULL ADDER
• A full adder circuit is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to
add three bits to produce a SUM and a CARRY output.
• Such a building block becomes a necessity when it comes to adding
binary numbers with a large number of bits.
• The full adder circuit overcomes the limitation of the
half-adder, which can be used to add two bits only.

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 FULL ADDER

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 Design of Full adder using Half Adder

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 What is VLSI?
 Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of
creating an Integrated Circuits (IC) by combining
thousands of transistors into a single chip.
 Before the introduction of VLSI technology most ICs
had a limited set of functions they could perform.
 An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM,
RAM and other glue logic. VLSI IC designers add all
of these into one chip.

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 Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of
integrating or embedding hundreds of thousands of
transistors on a single silicon semiconductor microchip.
 VLSI technology was conceived in the late 1970s when
advanced level computer processor microchips were under
development.
 VLSI is a successor to large-scale integration (LSI),
medium-scale integration (MSI) and small-scale integration
(SSI) technologies.

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 VLSI Applications
VLSI is an implementation technology for electronic circuitry -
analogue or digital.
It is concerned with forming a pattern of interconnected switches and gates on the
surface of a crystal of semiconductor.
• Microprocessors
• personal computers
• microcontrollers
• Memory - DRAM / SRAM
• Special Purpose Processors - ASICS (CD players, DSP applications)
• Optical Switches
Has made highly sophisticated control systems mass-producable and therefore
cheap
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 VLSI Applications
In today's world VLSI chips are widely used in various branches of
Engineering like:
1.Voice and Data Communication networks
2.Digital Signal Processing
3.Computers
4.Commercial Electronics
5.Automobiles
6.Medical Field and many more.
VLSI Chip
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 Thank You

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