Scribd
Upload
12 views27 pages

Lecture 5

Uploaded by

physicsislove2424
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views27 pages

Lecture 5

Uploaded by

physicsislove2424
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Programming

Fundamentals

By: Engr. Raheel Zaman


1. Arithmetic Operators
 These operators help you perform
mathematical calculations.
 Addition (+): Adds two numbers.
 Subtraction (-): Subtracts the second number
from the first.
 Multiplication (*): Multiplies two numbers.
 Division (/): Divides the first number by the
second. If both are integers, the result will be
an integer (integer division).
 Modulus (%): Gives the remainder of the
division. Works only with integers.
Examples
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main() {
 int a = 15, b = 4;
 cout << "Addition: " << (a + b) << endl;
 cout << "Subtraction: " << (a - b) << endl;
 cout << "Multiplication: " << (a * b) << endl;
 cout << "Division: " << (a / b) << endl; // 15 / 4 = 3
(integer division)
 cout << "Modulus: " << (a % b) << endl;
 return 0; }
 In division, if either operand is a float or double, the
result is a decimal.
 Example:
double result = 15.0 / 4; // Result: 3.75
 Modulus (%) cannot be used with floating-point
numbers
 Example:
// Invalid: double a = 15.0 % 4.0;
2. Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to evaluate conditions,
returning true or false.
 AND (&&): True only if both conditions are true.
 OR (||): True if at least one condition is true.
 NOT (!): Reverses the logical value (true becomes
false, and vice versa)
Examples:
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int x = 5, y = -3, z = 10;
 cout << "x > 0 AND y > 0: " << (x > 0 && y > 0)
<< endl; // False (0)
 cout << "x > 0 OR y > 0: " << (x > 0 || y > 0) <<
endl; // True (1)
 cout << "NOT (z < 0): " << !(z < 0) << endl; //
True (1)
 return 0; }
 Logical operators are commonly used in conditional
statements like if, while, and for.
 Example:

 if (x > 0 && y > 0) {


 cout << "Both x and y are positive." << endl;
 }
3. Increment and Decrement
Operators
 These operators are shorthand for adding or
subtracting 1 from a variable.
 Explanation:
 Pre-increment (++a): Increments the variable
first, then uses its new value.
 Post-increment (a++): Uses the variable’s current
value first, then increments it.
 Pre-decrement (--a): Decrements the variable first,
then uses its new value.
 Post-decrement (a--): Uses the variable’s current
value first, then decrements it.
Example:
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main() {
 int a = 5;
 // Pre-increment
 cout << "Pre-increment: " << ++a << endl; // a = 6, prints 6

 // Post-increment
 cout << "Post-increment: " << a++ << endl; // prints 6, then
a=7
 cout << "After post-increment: " << a << endl; // a = 7
 // Pre-decrement
 cout << "Pre-decrement: " << --a << endl; // a =
6, prints 6

 // Post-decrement
 cout << "Post-decrement: " << a-- << endl; //
prints 6, then a = 5
 cout << "After post-decrement: " << a << endl; //
a=5
 return 0;
 }
 Use pre- when the updated value is needed
immediately.
 Use post- when the current value is needed before
updating
4. Operator Precedence
 Operator precedence decides the order of evaluation
in complex expressions. Operators with higher
precedence are evaluated first.
Example of Precedence
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main() {
 int a = 5, b = 10, c = 15;
 // Without parentheses
 int result1 = a + b * c; // Multiplication first: result1 = 5 + (10
* 15) = 155
 // With parentheses
 int result2 = (a + b) * c; // Parentheses first: result2 = (5 + 10)
* 15 = 225
 cout << "Result1: " << result1 << endl; // 155
 cout << "Result2: " << result2 << endl; // 225
 return 0;
 }
 Use parentheses: Parentheses improve readability and
control the order of operations.
 Remember precedence rules: For example, * is
evaluated before +.
 Test increment/decrement carefully: Misunderstanding
pre- and post-increment can lead to unexpected
behavior.
Variables in C++

 For example:
 int age = 25;

 int tells the computer that the variable will


store an integer (whole number).
 age is the name of the variable.
 25 is the value stored in the variable.
Rules for Naming Variables
 The variable name should only contain letters,
numbers, and underscores (_).
 It cannot start with a number.
 You cannot use spaces in variable names.
 Variable names are case-sensitive: Age and
age are different.
 You cannot use reserved keywords like int,
float, for, etc., as variable names.
 ✅ Valid: myAge, price1, name_of_book
 ❌ Invalid: 1age, my age, float
Types of Variables
 C++ supports different types of variables
depending on the kind of data they store.
Data Type Description Example
Whole numbers
int int x = 10;
(positive/negative)
float Decimal numbers float price = 5.5;

double Larger decimal numbers double pi = 3.14159;


Single characters
char char grade = 'A';
(letters/symbols)
bool True or false values bool isHappy = true;
Sequence of characters
string string name = "John";
(words)
Declaring and Initializing
Variables
You can declare a variable (define its type and
name) and assign a value to it:
 Separate Declaration and Initialization:
 For Example:
 int age; // Declare the variable
 age = 25; // Assign value
Declaring and Initializing
Variables
 Combined Declaration and Initialization

 int age = 25; // Declare and initialize in one


step
Changing the Value of Variables

 You can change the value of a variable later in


the program:
 For Example:
 int age = 25;
 age = 30; // Now the value of 'age' is updated
to 30
Constants
 If you don’t want the value of a variable to
change, use the const keyword. This creates a
constant variable:
 For Example:
 const float pi = 3.14;
 pi = 3.14159; // ❌ Error! You cannot change a
constant variable.
Input and Output with Variables
 You can take input from the user and display
output using cin and cout.

 Example:
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int age;
 cout << "Enter your age: ";
 cin >> age; // User inputs a value
 cout << "You are " << age << " years old."
<< endl;
 return 0;
 }
Output Example:
 Enter your age: 25
 You are 25 years old.

You might also like