Definition

of Matrix
and Vector;
Matrix
Algebra
VECTORS
 One way to denote a quantity that is a vector is
by writing a letter with a small arrow (or a short

line) above the letter, ⃗

.𝑣
 The magnitude of the vector is denoted by the
letter itself, V, or is written as .
 VECTORS
 a vector may be written by listing the
magnitudes of its components in a row or a
column
 VECTORS
 The magnitude of a vector in a three-
dimensional Cartesian space is its length, and is
determined by:

|⃗𝑣|= √ 𝑣 +𝑣 +𝑣2
𝑥
2
𝑦
2
𝑧
 VECTORS
 Operations with Vectors
 Two vectors are equal if they are of the
same type (row or column) and all the
elements that are in the same position are

[ ]
equal to each other.
𝑣1
𝑣 = 𝑣2
𝑣 =[ 𝑣 1 , 𝑣 2 , 𝑣 3 ]

u
; 𝑣3

u
 VECTORS
 Operations with Vectors
 Two vectors are equal if they are of the
same type (row or column) and all the
elements that are in the same position are
equal to
1. Addition each
and other.
subtraction of two vectors
 Two vectors can be added or subtracted only
if they are of the same type

Similarly, for subtraction:

 VECTORS
 Operations with Vectors
 Two vectors are equal if they are of the
same type (row or column) and all the
elements that are in the same position are
equal to each of
2. Multiplication other.
two vectors
1. Dot product - results in a scalar quantity
2. Cross product – results in a vector quantity
 VECTORS
 Operations with Vectors
 Two vectors are equal if they are of the
same type (row or column) and all the
elements that are in the same position are
equal to each of
2. Multiplication other.
two vectors
1. Dot product - results in a scalar quantity

⃗ =[ 𝑣 𝑖 ]
𝑣 ⃗ = [ 𝑢𝑖 ]
𝑢
 VECTORS
 Operations with Vectors
 Two vectors are equal if they are of the
same type (row or column) and all the ⃗
𝒗
elements that are in the same position are
equal to each of
2. Multiplication other.
two vectors
1. Dot product - results in a scalar quantity θ
The dot product can be given a geometric
interpretation when the two vectors are drawn in a
coordinate system. ⃗
𝒖
𝑢=|⃗
⃗ ⋅⃗
𝑣 𝑣||𝑢
⃗| cos 𝜃
where and are the magnitudes of the vectors and e is the angle formed
by the two vectors.
VECTORS
2. Multiplication of two vectors
2. Cross product – results in a vector quantity
A cross product of two vector is a vector itself and
is perpendicular to the plane formed by the where
the magnitude can also be expressed as , where
is the angle formed the two vectors

⃗ ^ 𝒗 ^𝒋+ 𝒗 𝒌
𝒗 =𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ ^
𝒚 𝒛
^
⃗ =𝒖 𝒙 𝒊+𝒖
𝒖 ^𝒋+𝒖 𝒌^
𝒚 𝒛

?
VECTORS ^ ¿𝒗 ^𝒋 +¿ 𝒗 𝒌^
𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ 𝒚 𝒛
⃗ ^ 𝒗 ^𝒋 + 𝒗 𝒌
𝒗 = 𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ ^
𝒚 𝒛 ^ 𝒖
𝒖 𝒊+¿ ^𝒋+¿ 𝒖 𝒌 ^
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
^
⃗ =𝒖 𝒙 𝒊+𝒖
𝒖 ^ ^
𝒚 𝒋 +𝒖 𝒛 𝒌

?
VECTORS ^ ¿𝒗 ^𝒋 +¿ 𝒗 𝒌^
𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ 𝒚 𝒛
⃗ ^ 𝒗 ^𝒋 + 𝒗 𝒌
𝒗 = 𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ ^
𝒚 𝒛 ^ 𝒖
𝒖 𝒊+¿ ^𝒋+¿ 𝒖 𝒌 ^
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
^
⃗ =𝒖 𝒙 𝒊+𝒖
𝒖 ^ ^
𝒚 𝒋 +𝒖 𝒛 𝒌

?
=( - )
VECTORS ^ ¿𝒗 ^𝒋 +¿ 𝒗 𝒌^
𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ 𝒚 𝒛
⃗ ^ 𝒗 ^𝒋 + 𝒗 𝒌
𝒗 = 𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ ^
𝒚 𝒛 ^ 𝒖
𝒖 𝒊+¿ ^𝒋+¿ 𝒖 𝒌 ^
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
^
⃗ =𝒖 𝒙 𝒊+𝒖
𝒖 ^ ^
𝒚 𝒋 +𝒖 𝒛 𝒌

?
=( - )- )
VECTORS ^ ¿𝒗 ^𝒋 +¿ 𝒗 𝒌^
𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ 𝒚 𝒛
⃗ ^ 𝒗 ^𝒋 + 𝒗 𝒌
𝒗 = 𝒗 𝒙 𝒊+ ^
𝒚 𝒛 ^ 𝒖
𝒖 𝒊+¿ ^𝒋+¿ 𝒖 𝒌 ^
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
^
⃗ =𝒖 𝒙 𝒊+𝒖
𝒖 ^ ^
𝒚 𝒋 +𝒖 𝒛 𝒌

?
=( - )- ) - )
MATRIX
MATRICES AND LINEAR ALGEBRA
A matrix is a rectangular array of
numbers. The size of a matrix refers to the number
ofrows and columns it contains. An (m x n ) matrix
("m by n matrix") has m rows and n columns:
𝒂 𝟏𝟏 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 … 𝒂𝟏 𝒏
𝒂 𝟐𝟏 𝒂 𝟐𝟐 … 𝒂𝟐 𝒏
[a] = … … … …
𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒂𝒏 𝟐 … 𝒂𝒎𝒏

Matrices are useful in the analysis of

systems of linear equations and in other
applications. Matrices can be added, subtracted,
multiplied, and used in mathematical operations
that are special for matrices.
MATRIX
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION

1 0 4 2 4 4
A = 3 8 2 B = −3 3 3
−2 −3 0 −5 0 5

SIMPLIFY C= A+B
MATRIX
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION

1 0 4 2 4 4
A = 3 8 2 B = −3 3 3
−2 −3 0 −5 0 5

SIMPLIFY C= A+B

3 4 8
C = 0 11 5
−7 −3 5
MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The multiplication [ c] = [a] [ b] of a matrix
[a] times a matrix [ b] isdefined only when the
number of columns of matrix [a] is equal to the
number of rows of the matrix [b].
 MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The multiplication [ c] = [a] [ b] of a matrix
[a] times a matrix [ b] isdefined only when the
number of columns of matrix [a] is equal to the
number of rows of the matrix [b].
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝟒 𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐
a = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂 𝟐𝟒 𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂 𝟑𝟒 b= 𝒃 𝒃𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟏
𝒃𝟒𝟏 𝒃𝟒𝟐
 MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The multiplication [ c] = [a] [ b] of a matrix
[a] times a matrix [ b] isdefined only when the
number of columns of matrix [a] is equal to the
number of rows of the matrix [b].
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝟒 𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐
a = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂 𝟐𝟒 𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂 𝟑𝟒 b= 𝒃 𝒃𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟏
𝒃𝟒𝟏 𝒃𝟒𝟐
3x4
4x2
 MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The multiplication [ c] = [a] [ b] of a matrix
[a] times a matrix [ b] isdefined only when the
number of columns of matrix [a] is equal to the
number of rows of the matrix [b].
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝟒 𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐
a = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂 𝟐𝟒 𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂 𝟑𝟒 b= 𝒃 𝒃𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟏
𝒃𝟒𝟏 𝒃𝟒𝟐

3x4 4x2
 MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The multiplication [ c] = [a] [ b] of a matrix
[a] times a matrix [ b] isdefined only when the
number of columns of matrix [a] is equal to the
number of rows of the matrix [b].
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝟒 𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐
a = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂 𝟐𝟒 𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂 𝟑𝟒 b= 𝒃 𝒃𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟏
𝒃𝟒𝟏 𝒃𝟒𝟐

3x4 4x2

c=ab?
 MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The multiplication [ c] = [a] [ b] of a matrix
[a] times a matrix [ b] isdefined only when the
number of columns of matrix [a] is equal to the
number of rows of the matrix [b].
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝟒 𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐
𝒄 𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝟐
a = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂 𝟐𝟒 𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐
b= 𝒃 c= 𝒄𝟐𝟏 𝒄 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂 𝟑𝟒 𝒃𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟏 𝒄𝟑𝟏 𝒄 𝟑𝟐
𝒃𝟒𝟏 𝒃𝟒𝟐
3x4
4x2 3x2
MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
example

2 −1
4 9 1−3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

Simplify the order of AB

 Simplify AB

MATRIX A= 2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5) ¿
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES ¿ ¿
example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 ¿
A=
¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX A= 2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5) 2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2) ¿

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES ¿ ¿ ¿
example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 ¿
A=
¿ ¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX A=
2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5) 2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2) 2 ( 1 ) + ( −1 ) (4)
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES ¿ ¿ ¿
example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐
A=
¿ ¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX 2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5) 2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2) 2 ( 1 ) + ( −1 ) (4)2 ( −3 ) +(− 1)(6)

A=
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐 −𝟏𝟐

A=
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX A=
2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5) 2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2) 2 ( 1 ) + ( −1 ) (4 )2 ( −3 ) +(− 1)(6)
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES 8 ( 4 ) +3 (−5) ¿ ¿ ¿
example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐 −𝟏𝟐

A= 𝟏𝟕 ¿ ¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX A
2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5)
= 8 ( 4 ) +3 (−5)
2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2) 2 ( 1 ) + ( −1 ) ( 4 )2 ( −3 ) +(− 1)( 6)
8 ( 9 ) +3 (2) 8 ( 1 ) +3 ( 4) 8 ( −3 )+ 3(6 )
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐 −𝟏𝟐

A=
𝟏𝟕 𝟕𝟖 𝟐𝟎 −𝟔
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX A
2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5)
= 8 ( 4 ) +3 (−5)
2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2)
8 ( 9 ) +3 (2)
2 ( 1 ) + ( −1 ) ( 4 )2 ( −3 ) +(− 1)( 6)
8 ( 1 ) +3 ( 4) 8 ( −3 )+ 3(6 )
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES 6 ( 4 ) +7 (−5) ¿ ¿ ¿

example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐−𝟏𝟐

𝟏𝟕 𝟕𝟖 𝟐𝟎 −𝟔
A=
−𝟏𝟏 ¿ ¿ ¿
 Simplify AB

MATRIX A
2 ( 4 ) +(−1)(−5)
= 8 ( 4 ) +3 (−5)
2 ( 9 ) +(−1)(2)
8 ( 9 ) +3 (2)
2 ( 1 ) + ( −1 ) ( 4 )2 ( −3 ) +(− 1)( 6)
8 ( 1 ) +3 ( 4) 8 ( −3 )+ 3(6 )
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES 6 ( 4 ) +7 (−5) 6 ( 9 ) +7 (2) 6 ( 1 ) +7 ( 4) 6 ( −3 )+ 7(6 )

example

2 −1
4 9 1− 3
A= 8 3 B = −5 2 4 6
6 7

3x2 2x4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐−𝟏𝟐

𝟏𝟕 𝟕𝟖 𝟐𝟎 −𝟔
A=
−𝟏𝟏 𝟔𝟖 𝟑𝟒 𝟐𝟒
MATRIX
Transpose of a matrix
The transpose operation of a matrix
rearranges the matrix such that the rows are
switched into columns (or vice versa, the columns
are switched into rows)

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟒

[A] = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂 𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟒
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
MATRIX
Transpose of a matrix
The transpose operation of a matrix
rearranges the matrix such that the rows are
switched into columns (or vice versa, the columns
are switched into rows)
𝒂 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂 𝟑𝟏
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟒 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂 𝟑𝟐
𝑻
[A] = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂 𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟒 [ 𝑨 ] =¿ 𝒂 𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟑 𝟑
𝒂𝟏 𝟒 𝒂𝟐𝟒 𝒂 𝟑𝟒
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Practice
Exercise
−1 7 0 8 −5 1 −2 7 0
3 −4 5 5 0 7 3 −2 5
A = B = 2 2 −3
C =
8 1 2 6 1 2
1 4 0

1. A+C
2. 3C-4A
3.
4. BC
MATRIX
INVERSE OF MATRIX

1) Determine the determinant

2) Co-factor
3) Flip/transpose the matrix
4) Multiply the resulting matrix by
Example
0 0 1
2 −1 3
A =
1 1 4

Solve the