Scribd
Upload
6 views

Lecture123

Educations

Uploaded by

JITENDER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Lecture123

Educations

Uploaded by

JITENDER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Multi-Dimensional Measure of Data

Quality

• A well-accepted multi-dimensional view:


• Accuracy
• Completeness
• Consistency
• Timeliness
• Believability
• Valueable
• Accessibility
Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing
• Data cleaning
• Fill in missing values, smooth noisy data, identify or remove outliers and noisy data, and
resolve inconsistencies
• Data integration
• Integration of multiple databases, or files
• Data transformation
• Normalization and aggregation
• Data reduction
• Obtains reduced representation in volume but produces the same or similar analytical
results
• Data discretization (for numerical data)
Data Preprocessing…

• Why preprocess the data?

• Data cleaning

• Data integration and transformation

• Data reduction

• Discretization

• Summary
Data Cleaning…
• Importance
• “Data cleaning is the number one problem in data warehousing”

• Data cleaning tasks


• Fill in missing values
• Identify outliers and smooth out noisy data
• Correct inconsistent data
• Resolve redundancy caused by data integration
Missing Data
• Data is not always available
• E.g., many tuples have no recorded values for several attributes, such as customer income in
sales data

• Missing data may be due to


• equipment malfunction
• inconsistent with other recorded data and thus deleted
• data not entered due to misunderstanding
• certain data may not be considered important at the time of entry
• not register history or changes of the data
Noisy Data..
• Noise: random error or variance in a measured variable.
• Incorrect attribute values may due to
• faulty data collection instruments
• data entry problems
• data transmission problems
• etc
• Other data problems which requires data cleaning
• duplicate records, incomplete data, inconsistent data
How to Handle Noisy Data?
• Binning method:
• first sort data and partition into (equi-depth) bins
• then one can smooth by bin means, smooth by bin median, smooth by bin
boundaries, etc.
• Clustering
• detect and remove outliers
• Combined computer and human inspection
• detect suspicious values and check by human (e.g., deal with possible outliers)
Binning Methods for Data
Smoothing..
• Sorted data for price (in dollars): 4, 8, 9, 15, 21, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34
• Partition into (equi-depth) bins:
• Bin 1: 4, 8, 9, 15
• Bin 2: 21, 21, 24, 25
• Bin 3: 26, 28, 29, 34
• Smoothing by bin means:
• Bin 1: 9, 9, 9, 9
• Bin 2: 23, 23, 23, 23
• Bin 3: 29, 29, 29, 29
• Smoothing by bin boundaries:
• Bin 1: 4, 4, 4, 15
• Bin 2: 21, 21, 25, 25
• Bin 3: 26, 26, 26, 34
Outlier Removal..
• Data points inconsistent with the majority of data
• Different outlier
• Noisy: One’s age = 200, widely deviated points
• Removal methods
• Clustering
• Curve-fitting
Data Preprocessing..

• Why preprocess the data?

• Data cleaning

• Data integration and transformation

• Data reduction

• Discretization
Data Integration..
• Data integration:
• combines data from multiple sources
• Schema integration
• integrate metadata from different sources
• Entity identification problem: identify real world entities from multiple data sources,
e.g., A.cust-id  B.cust-#
• Detecting and resolving data value conflicts
• for the same real world entity, attribute values from different sources are different,
e.g., different scales, metric vs. British units
• Removing duplicates and redundant data
Data Transformation..
• Smoothing: remove noise from data
• Normalization: scaled to fall within a small, specified range (-0.1 to 1.0 and
0.0 to 1.0)
• Attribute/feature construction
• New attributes constructed from the given ones
• Aggregation: summarization
• Generalization: concept hierarchy climbing
: Data Preprocessing

• Why preprocess the data?

• Data cleaning

• Data integration and transformation

• Data reduction

• Discretization

• Summary

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 13


Data Reduction Strategies

• Data is too big to work with..


• Data reduction
• Obtain a reduced representation of the data set that is much smaller
in volume but yet produce the same (or almost the same) analytical
results
• Data reduction strategies
• Dimensionality reduction — remove unimportant attributes
• Aggregation and clustering
• Sampling

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 14


Dimensionality Reduction

• Feature selection (i.e., attribute subset selection):

• >>>Select a minimum set of attributes (features) that is sufficient


for the data mining task. <<<

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 15


Clustering..

• Partition data set into clusters..

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 16


Data Preprocessing
• Why preprocess the data?
• Data cleaning
• Data integration and transformation
• Data reduction
• Discretization

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 17


Discretization
• Three types of attributes:
• Nominal — values from an unordered set
• Ordinal — values from an ordered set
• Continuous — real numbers
• Discretization:
• divide the range of a continuous attribute into intervals because
some data mining algorithms only accept categorical attributes.
• Some techniques:
• Binning methods – equal-width, equal-frequency
• Entropy-based methods – which measures the uncertainty
associated with a set of data

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 18


Discretization and Concept
Hierarchy
• Discretization
• reduce the number of values for a given continuous attribute by
dividing the range of the attribute into intervals. Interval labels
can then be used to replace actual data values
• Concept hierarchies
• reduce the data by collecting and replacing low level concepts
(such as numeric values for the attribute age) by higher level
concepts (such as young, middle-aged, or senior)

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 19


Summary of Data Preprocessing

• Data preparation is a big issue for data mining


• Data preparation includes
• Data cleaning and data integration
• Data reduction and feature selection
• Discretization

• Many methods have been proposed but still it is an active


area of research………..

CS583, Bing Liu, UIC 20

You might also like