School of Computing

Department of
Computer Science and
Engineering AND
10213GE103 : SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
MAINTENANCE
Course Category : General Elective
Credits :3
Slot : CSEOE2
Semester : Summer
Academic Year : 2024-2025
Faculty Name :
 Unit 5 Fundamentals of UI/UX, Generative AI and
AWS Cloud Practitioner L-9 Hours

•UI/UX: Introduction - importance - UI Vs UX - Future of UI/UX - User prevention on

errors - flowcharts of UI/UX - journey maps of UX design - micro interactions - age-
responsive design - interstitial anxiety - VR interfaces Vs normal interfaces - Modern
concepts of UI/UX.

•Generative AI: Definition - Working principle - Model Types - Applications.

•AWS Cloud Practitioner: Introduction - AWS services - SDKs Vs APIs - AWS

Management Console - Infrastructure
and Project
as Code (IaC) - Deployment and Management -
Serverless Computing - Data Storage and Analytics.
Management
(SEPM)

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 Unit 5 Fundamentals of UI/UX

•UI/UX: Introduction - importance - UI Vs UX - Future of UI/UX - User prevention on

errors - flowcharts of UI/UX - journey maps of UX design - micro interactions - age-
responsive design - interstitial anxiety - VR interfaces Vs normal interfaces - Modern
concepts of UI/UX.

•Generative AI: Definition - Working principle - Model Types - Applications.

•AWS Cloud Practitioner: Introduction - AWS services - SDKs Vs APIs - AWS

Management Console - Infrastructure
and Project
as Code (IaC) - Deployment and Management -
Serverless Computing - Data Storage and Analytics.
Management
(SEPM)

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 Unit 5 Generative AI

Generative AI: Definition - Working principle - Model Types - Applications.

Generative AI, sometimes called gen AI, is artificial intelligence (AI)
that can create original content - such as text, images, video, audio or
software code - in response to a user’s prompt or request.

Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence that can create new

content, such as text, images, music, and code. It's capable of learning
patterns from existing data and then generating new, original content
that is similar to the training data

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 Unit 5 Generative AI - Principle

Generative AI: working principle

Generative AI operates in three phases:

Training, to create a foundation model that can serve as the basis of multiple gen
AI applications.

Tuning, to tailor the foundation model to a specific gen AI application.

Generation, evaluation and retuning, to assess the gen AI application's output and
continually improve its quality and accuracy

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 Unit 5 Generative AI - Phases

Generative AI operates in three phases:

Training: The AI model is trained on a massive dataset of examples. For

instance, to generate human-like text, it might be trained on millions of words
from books, articles, or scripts.

Learning Patterns: The model learns the underlying patterns, structures, and
relationships within the data.

Generating New Content: Once trained, the model can generate new content
by predicting the next element in a sequence, given the previous elements.
This process is often done probabilistically, allowing for creativity and variation

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 Unit 5 Generative AI – Model Types

Generative AI Model Types

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): GANs consist of two neural

networks: a generator that creates new content, and a discriminator that
evaluates the generated content's authenticity. They compete, improving
each other over time.

Variational Autoencoders (VAEs): VAEs encode input data into a

lower-dimensional latent space and then decode it back into the original
space. This process can be used to generate new data points that are
similar to the training data.

Autoregressive Models: These models generate content sequentially,

predicting the next element based on the previous ones. Examples
include GPT (Generative
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of Computer Science models used for text
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 Unit 5 Generative AI - GANs
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a powerful class of neural
networks that are used for an unsupervised learning.
GANs are made up of two neural networks, a discriminator and a
generator.
They use adversarial training to produce artificial data that is identical to
actual data.
The Generator attempts to fool the Discriminator, which is tasked with
accurately distinguishing between produced and genuine data, by
producing random noise samples.
Realistic, high-quality samples are produced as a result of this
competitive interaction, which drives both networks toward
advancement.
GANs are proving to be highly versatile artificial intelligence tools, as
evidenced by their extensive use in image synthesis, style transfer, and
text-to-image synthesis.
They have alsoDepartment
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 Unit 5 Generative AI - Parts
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can be broken down into three
parts:

Generative: To learn a generative model, which describes how data is

generated in terms of a probabilistic model.

Adversarial: The word adversarial refers to setting one thing up against

another. This means that, in the context of GANs, the generative result is
compared with the actual images in the data set. A mechanism known as
a discriminator is used to apply a model that attempts to distinguish
between real and fake images.

Networks: Use deep neural networks as artificial intelligence (AI)

algorithms for training purposes

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Unit 5 Generative AI - GAN

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Unit 5 Generative AI – GAN Architecture

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 Unit 5 Generative AI – GAN working principle
The steps involved in how a GAN works:
1.Initialization: Two neural networks are created: a Generator (G) and a
Discriminator (D).
 G is tasked with creating new data, like images or text, that closely
resembles real data.
 D acts as a critic, trying to distinguish between real data (from a training
dataset) and the data generated by G.
2.Generator’s First Move: G takes a random noise vector as input. This noise
vector contains random values and acts as the starting point for G’s creation
process. Using its internal layers and learned patterns, G transforms the noise
vector into a new data sample, like a generated image.
3.Discriminator’s Turn: D receives two kinds of inputs:
 Real data samples from the training dataset.
 The data samples generated by G in the previous step. D’s job is to
analyze each input and determine whether it’s real data or something G
cooked up. It outputs a probability score between 0 and 1. A score of 1
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0 suggests it’s fake. 12
 Unit 5 Generative AI – GAN working principle
4.The Learning Process: Now, the adversarial part comes in:
 If D correctly identifies real data as real (score close to 1) and generated
data as fake (score close to 0), both G and D are rewarded to a small
degree. This is because they’re both doing their jobs well.
 However, the key is to continuously improve. If D consistently identifies
everything correctly, it won’t learn much. So, the goal is for G to
eventually trick D.
5.Generator’s Improvement:
 When D mistakenly labels G’s creation as real (score close to 1), it’s a
sign that G is on the right track. In this case, G receives a significant
positive update, while D receives a penalty for being fooled.
 This feedback helps G improve its generation process to create more
realistic data
6. Discriminator’s Adaptation:
Conversely, if D correctly identifies G’s fake data (score close to 0), but G
receives no reward, D is further strengthened in its discrimination abilities.
This ongoing duel
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 Unit 5 Generative AI – GANs - Applications
Application Of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
GANs, or Generative Adversarial Networks, have many uses in many different fields. Here are
some of the widely recognized uses of GANs:
1.Image Synthesis and Generation : GANs are often used for picture synthesis and
generation tasks, They may create fresh, lifelike pictures that mimic training data by learning
the distribution that explains the dataset. The development of lifelike avatars, high-resolution
photographs, and fresh artwork have all been facilitated by these types of generative networks.
2.Image-to-Image Translation : GANs may be used for problems involving image-to-image
translation, where the objective is to convert an input picture from one domain to another while
maintaining its key features. GANs may be used, for instance, to change pictures from day to
night, transform drawings into realistic images, or change the creative style of an image.
3.Text-to-Image Synthesis : GANs have been used to create visuals from descriptions in
text. GANs may produce pictures that translate to a description given a text input, such as a
phrase or a caption. This application might have an impact on how realistic visual material is
produced using text-based instructions.
4.Data Augmentation : GANs can augment present data and increase the robustness and
generalizability of machine-learning models by creating synthetic data samples.
5.Data Generation for Training : GANs can enhance the resolution and quality of low-
resolution images. By training on pairs of low-resolution and high-resolution images, GANs can
generate high-resolution images from low-resolution inputs, enabling improved image quality in
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
 Unit 5 Generative AI - Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)
 Autoencoders have emerged as an architecture for data representation
and generation.
 Among them, Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) stand out, introducing
probabilistic encoding and opening new avenues for diverse applications.
 Variational autoencoder was proposed in 2013 by Diederik P. Kingma
and Max Welling at Google and Qualcomm.
 A variational autoencoder (VAE) provides a probabilistic manner for
describing an observation in latent space.
 Thus, rather than building an encoder that outputs a single value to
describe each latent state attribute, we’ll formulate our encoder to
describe a probability distribution for each latent attribute.
 It has many applications, such as data compression, synthetic data
creation, etc.

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 Unit 5 Generative AI - Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)

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 Unit 5 Generative AI - Architecture of Variational Autoencoder
 The encoder-decoder architecture lies at the heart of Variational
Autoencoders (VAEs), distinguishing them from traditional autoencoders.
The encoder network takes raw input data and transforms it into a
probability distribution within the latent space.
 The latent code generated by the encoder is a probabilistic encoding,
allowing the VAE to express not just a single point in the latent space but
a distribution of potential representations.
 The decoder network, in turn, takes a sampled point from the latent
distribution and reconstructs it back into data space. During training, the
model refines both the encoder and decoder parameters to minimize the
reconstruction loss – the disparity between the input data and the
decoded output. The goal is not just to achieve accurate reconstruction
but also to regularize the latent space, ensuring that it conforms to a
specified distribution.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Unit 5 Generative AI - Architecture of Variational Autoencoder
 The process involves a delicate balance between two essential
components: the reconstruction loss and the regularization term, often
represented by the Kullback-Leibler divergence. The reconstruction loss
compels the model to accurately reconstruct the input, while the
regularization term encourages the latent space to adhere to the chosen
distribution, preventing overfitting and promoting generalization.

 By iteratively adjusting these parameters during training, the VAE learns

to encode input data into a meaningful latent space representation. This
optimized latent code encapsulates the underlying features and
structures of the data, facilitating precise reconstruction. The probabilistic
nature of the latent space also enables the generation of novel samples
by drawing random points from the learned distribution

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Unit 5 Generative AI Applications
•Content Creation: Generating articles, poems, scripts, code, and even
art.
•Drug Discovery: Designing new molecules for potential drugs.
•Game Development: Creating realistic environments and characters.
•Customer Service: Generating personalized responses to customer
inquiries.
•Art and Design: Creating unique and artistic pieces.
•Data Augmentation: Generating synthetic data to improve machine
learning models.

Examples:
•DALL-E 2: Can generate images from text descriptions.
•GPT-4: Can write different kinds of creative content, from poems to
code.
•Jukebox: Can generate music in various styles.
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 Unit 5 Generative AI Applications
1. Content Creation
 Writing and Journalism: AI models can generate articles, blogs, and news summaries, assisting writers in
content generation.
 Marketing: Automated creation of social media posts, advertisements, and marketing copy tailored to
specific audiences.
2. Art and Design
 Visual Arts: Tools like DALL-E create original artwork or modify existing images based on user prompts.
 Graphic Design: Automated design generation for logos, posters, and other marketing materials.
3. Entertainment
 Music Composition: AI can compose original music tracks in various styles, assisting musicians in their
creative process.
 Game Development: Generative AI is used to create dynamic game content, including levels, characters,
and narratives.
4. Healthcare
 Drug Discovery: Generative models help in predicting molecular structures, speeding up the drug design
process.
 Medical Imaging: AI can generate synthetic medical images for training purposes, improving diagnostic
tools.
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 Unit 5 Generative AI Applications
5. Education
 Personalized Learning: AI models can create customized educational content and exercises based
on individual student needs.
 Tutoring Systems: Intelligent tutoring systems provide tailored explanations and feedback to
learners.
6. Finance
 Risk Assessment: Generative models simulate various economic scenarios to assess financial risks.
 Fraud Detection: AI can generate realistic transaction data to improve fraud detection algorithms.
7. Manufacturing
 Product Design: Generative design tools create innovative product designs based on specified
parameters and constraints.
 Process Optimization: AI models simulate manufacturing processes to identify efficiencies and
reduce waste.
8. Fashion and Retail  Fashion Design:
 AI can generate new clothing designs and trends based on consumer preferences.
 Virtual Try-Ons: AI models create realistic images of how clothing will look on different body types.

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner

AWS Cloud Practitioner: Introduction - AWS services - SDKs Vs APIs - AWS

Management Console - Infrastructure as Code (IaC) - Deployment and Management -
Serverless Computing - Data Storage and Analytics.

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 Unit 5 Cloud Computing – Introduction
 Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of compute power, database, storage, applications, and
other IT resources through a cloud services platform via the internet with pay-as-you-go pricing.
 Whether you are running applications that share photos to millions of mobile users or you’re
supporting the critical operations of your business, a cloud services platform provides rapid access to
flexible and low-cost IT resources.
 With cloud computing, you don’t need to make large upfront investments in hardware and spend a
lot of time on the heavy lifting of managing that hardware. Instead, you can provision exactly the
right type and size of computing resources you need to power your newest bright idea or operate
your IT department.
 You can access as many resources as you need, almost instantly, and only pay for what you use.
 Cloud computing provides a simple way to access servers, storage, databases and a broad set of
application services over the internet.
 A cloud services platform such as Amazon Web Services owns and maintains the network-
connected hardware required for these application services, while you provision and use what you
need via a web application

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 Unit 5 AWS – Introduction

 In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) began offering IT infrastructure

services to businesses as web services – now commonly known as cloud
computing.
 One of the key benefits of cloud computing is the opportunity to replace
upfront capital infrastructure expenses with low variable costs that scale with
your business.
 With the cloud, businesses no longer need to plan for and procure servers and
other IT infrastructure weeks or months in advance.
 Instead, they can instantly spin up hundreds or thousands of servers in minutes
and deliver results faster.
 Today, AWS provides a highly reliable, scalable, low-cost infrastructure
platform in the cloud that powers hundreds of thousands of businesses in 190
countries around the world
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 Unit 5 AWS – Services
AWS consists of many cloud services that you can use in combinations tailored to
your business or organizational needs
Category of Services: Analytics, Application Integration, Blockchain, Business
Applications, Cloud Financial Management, Compute, Customer enablement,
Containers, Databases, Developer tools, End user computing, Front-end web and
mobile services, Game tech, Internet of Things(IoT), Machine Learning and
Artificial Intelligence, Management and Governance, Media, Migration and
Transfer, Networking and Content delivery, Quantum Technologies, Robotics,
Satellite, Security Identity and Compliance, Storage.
To access the services, you can use the AWS Management Console, the AWS
Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), or Software Development Kits (SDKs)

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner
The AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner validates foundational, high-level
understanding of AWS Cloud, services, and terminology.

This is a good starting point on the AWS Certification journey for individuals with
no prior IT or cloud experience switching to a cloud career or for line-of-business
employees looking for foundational cloud literacy.

AWS Cloud Practitioner is an entry-level certification program designed to

introduce individuals to the fundamental concepts of cloud computing, specifically
within the Amazon Web Services (AWS) ecosystem.
It provides a solid foundation for understanding cloud computing principles,
AWS services, and how to navigate the AWS environment

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – Key Concepts
Cloud Computing Fundamentals:
Definition of cloud computing
Benefits of cloud computing
Cloud deployment models (public, private, hybrid)
Cloud service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)
AWS Services Overview:
Core AWS services (EC2, S3, RDS, VPC, IAM)
Additional services (Lambda, DynamoDB, Elastic Beanstalk)
Understanding the use cases for different services
AWS Management Console:
Navigating the AWS Management Console
Using the console to manage AWS resources
Basic Security and Compliance:
Understanding security best practices in the cloud
Compliance frameworks (e.g., HIPAA, PCI DSS)
Billing and Cost Management:
Understanding AWS pricing models
Using cost management tools

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – SDK Vs APIs
 A software development kit (SDK) is a set of platform-specific building
tools like debuggers, compilers, and libraries.
 SDKs bring third-party tools and resources to your environment.
 In contrast, an application programming interface (API) is a mechanism that
enables two software components to communicate with each other using
predetermined protocols.
 You can use APIs to communicate with existing software components and
integrate predeveloped functionality in your code.
 SDKs may include APIs among several other resources for the platform they
support.
 Similarly, you can use SDKs to create new APIs that you can share with
others.
 Both SDKs and APIs make the software development process more efficient
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – SDK Vs APIs
 An SDK provides an integrated platform for you to develop applications
from scratch efficiently. It provides the building blocks to shorten the
development process. Instead of writing code from scratch, you can use an
SDK, which often consists of libraries, compilers, debuggers, code samples,
and documentation. An integrated development environment (IDE) is the
software environment you use to connect all the tools bundled in the SDK.

 On the other hand, APIs provide you with the means to connect your
software with preexisting modules and third-party services. They facilitate
interactions between a software application, its internal components, and
other platforms. An API abstracts the complexities of exchanging data and
helps ensure data integrity in the communication between software
components
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – How Developer use SDKs

You can use SDKs to shorten the software development cycle when you build
applications or standalone solutions for a specific platform.

Popular types of SDKs:

SDKs that include mobile-centered functionality for mobile app development
on Android and iOS
Cloud platform SDKs for building and deploying cloud applications
SDKs specific to a language, framework, or application type for a specific use
case

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – SDK workflow

 When you use an SDK, you want to install it on your computer before you develop an
application. During installation, the SDK unpacks all the resources and makes them readily
available to you and other developers.
 When you build applications, you use the code libraries, debuggers, or other necessary tools
provided by the SDK instead of creating them from scratch. For example, you might want to
create a secure login page for an ecommerce site. With an SDK, you can import and customize a
template from the library with minimal coding.

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – Scenarios for using SDK
1. Rapid Application Development:
Example: A mobile app developer wants to quickly build a game for iOS. Using the Unity SDK,
the developer can leverage built-in features, like graphics rendering and physics, to speed up
development without starting from scratch.
2. Access to Comprehensive Functionality:
Example: A developer working on a video editing application may use the Adobe Creative SDK
to integrate Adobe’s editing tools. The SDK provides extensive functionalities (e.g., image
filters, transitions) that are ready to use, allowing the developer to focus on other aspects of
the app.
3. Cross-Platform Compatibility:
Example: For a developer creating a cross-platform application, using the Flutter SDK enables
them to build apps for both iOS and Android with a single codebase. The SDK simplifies
handling platform-specific features without deep knowledge of each platform’s API.
4. Built-In Libraries and Tools:
Example: In a project involving machine learning, a developer may choose the TensorFlow SDK
to take advantage of pre-built models and libraries for building and training ML models, which
reduces the need for custom implementations.
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – AWS Management Console

The AWS Management Console is a web-based interface that provides a graphical user
interface (GUI) for managing AWS resources.
It allows users to access and control various AWS services, such as Amazon EC2, Amazon
S3, Amazon RDS, and many others

Key Features of the AWS Management Console:

Centralized Access: Provides a single point of access to manage multiple AWS accounts
and regions.
Intuitive Interface: Offers a user-friendly interface with easy-to-understand navigation and
controls.
Visualizations: Presents data in a visual format, such as charts and graphs, for easy
understanding.
Automation: Enables automation of tasks through the console's integration with AWS CLI
and SDKs.
Security Features: Implements robust security measures to protect user accounts and
resources.
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – AWS Management Console

Common Tasks Performed Using the AWS Management Console:

Creating and managing AWS resources: Launch instances, create
buckets, set up databases, and configure networks.
Monitoring and troubleshooting: Track resource usage, identify
performance issues, and troubleshoot problems.
Managing billing and costs: View billing information, set up cost alerts,
and optimize resource usage.
Integrating with other AWS services: Connect different AWS services to
create complex applications.
Customizing the console: Configure preferences, set up shortcuts, and
create custom dashboards.

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – Infrastructure as Code

 Infrastructure as code (IaC) is the ability to provision and support

your computing infrastructure using code instead of manual
processes and settings.
 Any application environment requires many infrastructure
components like operating systems, database connections, and
storage.
 Developers have to regularly set up, update, and maintain the
infrastructure to develop, test, and deploy applications.
 Manual infrastructure management is time-consuming and prone
to error—especially when you manage applications at scale.
 Infrastructure as code lets you define your infrastructure's desired
state without including all the steps to get to that state. It
automates infrastructure management so developers can focus on
building and improving applications instead of managing
environments.
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – Infrastructure as Code

Benefits of infrastructure as code:

Automation is a key goal across any computing environment.
Infrastructure as code (IaC) is used for infrastructure automation
to create environments. The most common use of IaC is in
software development to build, test, and deploy applications.
Easily duplicate an environment
Reduce configuration errors
Iterate on best-practice environments

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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner – Deployment Services

The task of designing a scalable, efficient, and cost-effective

deployment solution should not be limited to how you will update
your application version, but should also consider how you will
manage supporting infrastructure throughout the complete
application lifecycle.
Resource provisioning, configuration management, application
deployment, software updates, monitoring, access control, and other
concerns are all important factors to consider when designing a
deployment solution.
AWS services can provide management capabilities for one or more
aspects of your application lifecycle. Depending on your desired
balance of control (manual management of resources) versus
convenience (AWS management of resources) and the type of
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/overview-deployment-options/aws-deployment-services.html
application, these services can be used on their own or combined to
create a feature-rich
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner –Serverless Computing

Serverless computing is an application development and execution

model that enables developers to build and run application code
without provisioning or managing servers or back-end infrastructure.

Serverless does not mean "no servers." The name

notwithstanding, servers in serverless computing are managed
by a cloud service provider (CSP). Serverless describes the
developer's experience with those servers—they are invisible to the
developer, who doesn't see them, manage them or interact with them
in any way.

Developers can focus on writing the best front-end application code

and business logic with serverless computing. All they need to do is
write their application code and deploy it to containers managed by a
CSP.
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner –Serverless Computing

The cloud provider handles the rest—provisioning the cloud

infrastructure required to run the code and scaling the infrastructure
up and down on demand as needed—and is also responsible for all
routine infrastructure management and maintenance, such as
operating system updates and patches, security management,
capacity planning, system monitoring and more.
Moreover, developers never pay for idle capacity with serverless. The
cloud provider spins up and provisions the required computing
resources on demand when the code executes and spins them back
down again—called ''scaling to zero''—when execution stops.
Serverless is more than function as a service (FaaS)—the cloud
computing service that enables developers to run code or containers
in response to specific events or requests without specifying or
https://www.ibm.com/topics/serverless
managing the infrastructure required to run the code.
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 Unit 5 AWS Cloud Practitioner –Data Storage and Analytics
AWS offers a comprehensive suite of services for storing, processing, and analyzing data,
catering to diverse needs and workloads.
Data Storage
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3):
Object storage for storing data of any type and size.
Highly scalable, durable, and cost-effective.
Offers various storage classes (Standard, Standard-Infrequent Access, Glacier,
etc.) based on access frequency and cost requirements.
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS):
Block storage volumes attached to EC2 instances for persistent storage.
Available in various performance tiers (General Purpose SSD, Provisioned IOPS
SSD, Magnetic).
Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS):
Managed relational databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server,
and MariaDB.
Handles database provisioning, patching, and backups.
Amazon DynamoDB:
NoSQL key-valueDepartment
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