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ImageProcessing6 SpatialFiltering2 Modi

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8 views

ImageProcessing6 SpatialFiltering2 Modi

Uploaded by

banaroy57
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing

Image Enhancement
(Spatial Filtering 2)

Course Website: http://www.comp.dit.ie/bmacnamee


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Low pass Filter
30

Low pass Filter:


• Not allowing the information related to
sudden change in intensity.
• Noise gets reduced.

Spatial Avg
• U(m,n) V(m,n)
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U(m,n) Low Pass Filter


- V(m,n)
+
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• Remove noise and extract details


(sharpen) in the image (intensity variation)

Band Pass Filter


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Band Pass Filter

Low Pass Filter1


-
+

Low Pass Filter2


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Sharpening Filter
30
(High pass Filter)
Two requirements:

1.Summation of coefficient in the smooth


region (uniform intensity) is zero.
∑Zi=0
what can be the filter mask ??

2.Changes of intensity should be


highlighted.
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-1 -1 -1

-1 8 -1

-1 -1 -1
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• What will happen if Z5=+ve, all other –ve,


so that, total is zero?

-1 -1 -1

1/9 X -1 8 -1

-1 -1 -1
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• Try to implement it over a 5x5 image,


which are having some isolated point with
high intensity.
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• Scale the intensities to bring to the initial


range.
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• Loosing lower frequency information.


• Slowly changing intensity region, does not
get highlight.
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• High Pass Filter=Original-Low Pass;


• High Boost=A(Original)-Low Pass; A>=1
=(A-1)original+(original-Low Pass)
=(A-1)Original + High Pass
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-1 -1 -1

1/9 x -1 w -1
-1 -1 -1

W=9A-1, with A>=1


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• LPF=integration
• HPF=differentiation

Derivative Filters
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1st Derivative Filtering
Implementing 1st derivative filters is difficult in
practice
For a function f(x, y) the gradient of f at
coordinates (x, y) is given as the column
vector:
 f 
 Gx   x 
f    f 
 Gy   
 y 
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1st Derivative Filtering (cont…)
The magnitude of this vector is given by:
f mag (f )

 G G2
x
2
y  1
2

1
  f   f  
2 2 2

      
  x   y  

For practical reasons this can be simplified as:


f  Gx  G y
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z1 z2 z3
1 -1
0 0
z4 z5 z6

1 0
z7 z8 z9 -1 0

Mag( f) = [ (z5-z8)2 +(z6-z5)2 ]0.5 = |(z5-z8)|+|(z5-z6)|


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• Cross gradient:
f =|(z5-z9)|+|z6-z8|

Robert’s operator:

1 0 0 1

0 -1 -1 0
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-1 -1 -1

= 0 0 0

1 1 1
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Prewitt’s operator

-1 0 1

=
-1 0 1

-1 0 1
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Sobel operator

-1 0 1

=
-2 0 2

-1 0 1
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Sobel operator

-1 -2 -1

= 0 0 0

1 2 1
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Sobel operator

How to find gradient in different direction?


At 45⁰, 90⁰?
Rotate the mask

-1 -2 -1

0 0 0

1 2 1
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At 45⁰
Rotate the mask

-1 -1 0

0 1
-1

0 1 1
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What gradient value you will take?


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g(x,y)=max{gk(x,y) }
Where, k=0,1,…7.
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2nd Derivative

Zero
crossing
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What is second derivative?


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The difference in first derivative.


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The Laplacian
The Laplacian is defined as follows:
2 2
2  f  f
 f  2  2
 x  y
where the partial 1st order derivative in the x
direction is defined as follows:
2
 f
2
 f ( x  1, y )  f ( x  1, y )  2 f ( x, y )
 x
and in the y direction as follows:
2
 f
2
 f ( x, y  1)  f ( x, y  1)  2 f ( x, y )
 y
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The Laplacian (cont…)
So, the Laplacian can be given as follows:
2
 f [ f ( x  1, y )  f ( x  1, y )
 f ( x, y  1)  f ( x, y  1)]
 4 f ( x, y )
We can easily build a filter based on this
0 1 0

1 -4 1

0 1 0
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• Noise gets highlighted


• Remove noise
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The Laplacian (cont…)
Applying the Laplacian to an image we get a
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

new image that highlights edges and other


discontinuities

Original Laplacian Laplacian


Image Filtered Image Filtered Image
Scaled for Display

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