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Arguments

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Awais Javed
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6 views18 pages

Arguments

Uploaded by

Awais Javed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete Structure

Links:
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/discrete-mathematics-tutor
ial/?ref=header_search
2. https://www.csd.uwo.ca/~abrandt5/teaching/DiscreteStruc
tures/intro.html
Argument

 An interesting teacher keeps me awake. I stay


awake in Discrete Mathematics class. Therefore, my
Discrete Mathematics teacher is interesting.
 Is the above argument valid?
ARGUMENT:

An argument is a list of statements called premises (or


assumptions or hypotheses) followed by a statement called
the conclusion.
P1 Premise
P2 Premise
P3 Premise
. . . . .. . . . .
Pn Premise
______________
∴C Conclusion
NOTE: The symbol ∴ read “therefore” is normally
placed just before the conclusion.
VALID AND INVALID ARGUMENT:

An argument is valid if the conclusion is true when all


the premises are true.
An argument is invalid if the conclusion is false when
all the premises are true.
Critical Rows:

The critical rows are those


rows where the premises
have truth value T.
EXAMPLE-01

Show that the following argument form is valid:


p→q
p
∴q

Since the conclusion q is true when the premises


p→q and p are True. Therefore, it is a valid argument.
EXAMPLE-02
Show that the following argument form is invalid:
p→q
q
∴p

In the second critical row, the conclusion is false when


the premises p→q and q are true. Therefore, the
argument is invalid.
EXERCISE:

Use truth table to determine the argument form


p∨q
p → ~q
p→r
∴r
is valid or invalid.
Solution:
In the third critical row, the conclusion is false when all
the premises are true. Therefore, the argument is
invalid.
The argument form is invalid WORD
PROBLEM

If Tariq is not on team A, then Hameed is on team B.


If Hameed is not on team B, then Tariq is on team A.
∴ Tariq is not on team A or Hameed is not on team B.
SOLUTION
Let
t = Tariq is on team A
h = Hameed is on team B
Then the argument is
~t→h
~h→t
∴~t∨~h
Argument is invalid
because there are three
critical rows.
EXERCISE
If at least one of these two numbers is divisible by 6, then
the product of these two numbers is divisible by 6.
Neither of these two numbers is divisible by 6.
∴ The product of these two numbers is not divisible by 6.
SOLUTION
Let d = at least one of these two numbers is divisible
by 6.
p = product of these two numbers is divisible by 6.
Then the argument become in these symbols
d→p
~d
∴~p
We will made the truth table for
premises and conclusion as
given below
 In the first critical row, the conclusion is false when
the premises are true. Therefore, the argument is
invalid.
EXERCISE

If I got an Eid bonus, I’ll buy a stereo.


If I sell my motorcycle, I’ll buy a stereo.
∴ If I get an Eid bonus or I sell my motorcycle, then I’ll
buy a stereo.
SOLUTION:
Let e = I got an Eid bonus
s = I’ll buy a stereo
m = I sell my motorcycle
The argument is
e→s
m→s
∴e∨m→s
The argument is valid because in
the five critical rows, the
conclusion is true.
EXERCISE
An interesting teacher keeps me awake. I stay awake in
Discrete Mathematics class. Therefore, my Discrete
Mathematics teacher is interesting.
Solution:
t = My teacher is interesting
a = I stay awake
m = I am in Discrete Mathematics class
The argument to be tested is
t → a,
a∧m
Therefore m ∧ t
In the second critical row, the
conclusion is false when the
premises are true. Therefore, the
argument is invalid.

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