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ICT Logical Gates

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
29 views18 pages

ICT Logical Gates

Best presentation of logical gates

Uploaded by

uasif2665
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 4

Logic gates
1
Computers and Electricity

Gate
A device that performs a basic operation on
electrical signals
Circuits
Gates combined to perform more
complicated tasks

2
Computers and Electricity
How do we describe the behavior of gates and
circuits?
Boolean expressions
Uses Boolean algebra, a mathematical notation for expressing
two-valued logic
Logic diagrams
A graphical representation of a circuit; each gate has its
own symbol
Truth tables
A table showing all possible input values and the associated
output values
3
Gates

Six types of gates


– NOT
– AND
– OR
– XOR
– NAND
– NOR

Typically, logic diagrams are black and white with


gates distinguished only by their shape

4
NOT Gate

A NOT gate accepts one input signal (0 or 1) and


returns the complementary (opposite) signal as
output

5
AND Gate

An AND gate accepts two input signals


If both are 1, the output is 1; otherwise,
the output is 0

6
OR Gate
An OR gate accepts two input signals
If both are 0, the output is 0; otherwise,
the output is 1

7
XOR Gate

An XOR gate accepts two input signals


If both are the same, the output is 0; otherwise,
the output is 1

8
XOR Gate

Note the difference between the XOR gate


and the OR gate; they differ only in one
input situation
When both input signals are 1, the OR gate
produces a 1 and the XOR produces a 0

XOR is called the exclusive OR because its


output is 1 if (and only if):
• either one input or the other is 1,
• excluding the case that they both are 1
9
NAND Gate

The NAND (“NOT of AND”) gate accepts two input signals


If both are 1, the output is 0; otherwise,
the output is 1
NOR Gate
The NOR (“NOT of OR”) gate accepts two inputs
If both are 0, the output is 1; otherwise,
the output is 0

11
Gates with More Inputs

Some gates can be generalized to accept three or more


input values
A three-input AND gate, for example, produces an output of
1 only if all input values are 1

12
Review of Gate Processing
Gate Behavior
NOT Inverts its single input
AND Produces 1 if all input values are 1
OR Produces 0 if all input values are 0
XOR Produces 0 if both input values are the same
NAND Produces 0 if all input values are 1
NOR Produces 1 if all input values are 0

13
Circuits

Combinational circuit
The input values explicitly determine the output
Sequential circuit
The output is a function of the input values and the
existing state of the circuit
We describe the circuit operations using
Boolean expressions
Logic diagrams
Truth tables
14
Combinational Circuits
Gates are combined into circuits by using the
output of one gate as the input for another

The same
circuit using a
Boolean
expression is
AB + AC

15
Combinational Circuits

Three inputs require eight rows to describe all possible


input combinations

16
Combinational Circuits

Consider the following Boolean expression A(B + C)

Does this truth table look familiar?


Compare it with previous table
17
Combinational Circuits
Circuit equivalence
Two circuits that produce the same output for
identical input
Boolean algebra
Allows us to apply provable mathematical
principles to help design circuits
A(B + C) = AB + BC (distributive law) so circuits
must be equivalent

18

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