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13 views

PHB

Uploaded by

kamana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONCEPTION,

PREGNANCY,ABORTION, CHILD
BIRTH, NEWBORN AND
MATERNAL CARE
Conception
 There are certain social customs and beliefs that obliges woman
to abide by certain traditions during conception, pregnancy and
childbirth.
 Conception is the time when sperm travels up through the
vagina, into the uterus, and fertilizes an egg found in the
fallopian tube.
 Conceiving a baby increases respect for woman and ensures her
place in a family.
 Infertile woman are considered impure and experiences social
and psychosocial problems.
 Practices of religious and magical aspects are believed to avoid
infertility.
 However nowadays medical treatments like IVF, surrogacy are
popular among young couple.
Conception

 It is believed if a baby is conceived during during eclipse or


during malamas, a child with physical deformity is born or
still death may occur.
 In Nepal, about half of the population had a knowledge that
consuming diet containing carbohydrate, protein, fat is
important for woman preparing for being pregnant.
 In Nepal, earlier the couples wouldn’t announce the pregnancy
until after 3 months due to fear of miscarriages but now that
time has passed.
Pregnancy

 Pregnancy occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg after it’s


released from the ovary during ovulation.
 A full-term pregnancy lasts 40 weeks. There are many factors
that can affect a pregnancy.
 Nowadays woman are more aware and have knowledge that:
• Folic acid reduces the risk of physical defect in growing fetus
• Stop smoking and alcohol.
• Control of blood sugar in diabetes women
• Normal BP for being pregnant
• Screening of HIV/AIDS is necessary for both partners
• Daily use of a multivitamins
• Consistent physical exercise and being physically active.
• Avoid medicines until emergency.
Pregnancy

 It is believed that eating lots of almond, milk and saffron to


have fair skin baby.
 Carving for salty food indicate boy and craving for sweet
indicate baby girl.
 Not watching Horror/scary/action movie
 Look at the picture of beautiful people or God
 Do not touch the baby in tummy during eclipse
 Read holy/spiritual book
 Be around and in contact with positive
and cheerful people.
 Reciting, chanting or listening to
devotional mantras
 Not to attend funeral or look at deceased.
Childbirth

Women who receive an early


pregnancy diagnosis and prenatal care are
more likely to experience a healthy
pregnancy and give birth to a healthy baby.
The traditional and cultural beliefs and decision making
within the household influence the child birth practice and
choice of the place of delivery.
Women use practice wood for cord cut surface or use local
available knifes to cut the cords.
Traditionally newborns were given a bath soon after birth,
which is not good practice for new born.
Childbirth
 Most Nepalese women viewed childbirth as a normal ongoing
event of everyday life where work, pregnancy and childbirth are
routine for village women.
 Most women experienced birth without external medical and
technological interventions.
 Despite newborn deaths, they continued to accept the spiritual
control of birth and death and held to childbirth traditions.
 Losing a child is a customary part of continuous pregnancy and
childbirth.
 The pregnant woman and newborn is considered untouchables
till the name giving ceremony(Nwaran) is done.
 The newborn is not given to put on the clothes until Nwaran.
Childbirth
 New mother is given a special kind of diet which consists of
meat, ghee, pulses and thyme soup.
 The mother is given lots of pulses and meat, and these two
becomes mandatory for at least two months for each meal along
with rice, ghee and thyme soup. The thyme soup is believes to
have the power of increasing the amount of milk produced by the
woman’s body for the baby.
 Women often visit their maternal home after the 11th day of
childbirth.
 A new mother and the baby is kept in sun and given body
massages two to four times a day.
Abortion
 Abortion has been legal in Nepal since 2002, and post-abortion
care has been successfully integrated into hospitals.
 Specifications of Nepal's 2002 Abortion Law
Pregnancy termination is available under these circumstances:
– Up to 12 weeks of gestation for any indication, by request
– Up to 28 weeks of gestation in the case of rape or incest
– At any time during pregnancy if mental/physical health or life
of the pregnant woman is at risk (approval from a medical
practitioner required)
– At any time during pregnancy if the fetus is deformed and
incompatible with life (approval from a medical practitioner
required)
Abortion

 In some cases the women who had abortion are even


prohibited from religious activities.
 Service providers and spouses of abortive women are also
stigmatized and seen as bad persons.
 Family members and communities usually perpetuate those
social norms and cultural practices.
 Most of the people have negative attitude towards women who
seek abortion care.
 Large number of unmarried women were found at risk for
seeking abortion care due to socio-cultural norms, values and
stigmas.
 People also tend to seek sex selective pregnancy termination
though this is illegal in Nepal.
Newborn and maternal care

 A quarter to half of the infant mortality occurred within the first


24 hours after birth. Many of these deaths occurred in babies
born too early and too small, babies with infections, or babies
asphyxiated around the time of delivery.
 Care of all newborns includes immediate and thorough drying,
skin to skin contact of the newborn with the mother, cord
clamping and cutting after the first minutes after birth, early
initiation of breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding.
 Baby is bathed immediately after cord cutting believing that the
baby comes from the dirty place being in contact with the blood
and body fluids of the mother.
 Not giving colostrums, starting complementary feeds before six
months occurs.
Newborn and maternal care

 The baby is wrapped in cotton clothes as they are believed to be


soft to the baby.
 The umbilical cord is cut with a blade included in Clean Home
Delivery Kit (CHDK), which has replaced the knife/old or rusted
blade. Morning dewdrop siting on the dubo grass is applied to
the stump considering it as a holy drop.
 Breastfeeding is culturally taken for granted. The baby is put on
the mother’s breast after bath.
 The baby doesn’t wear any clothing until the name giving
ceremony, which is 11th day of birth. Even after that babies are
not given any new clothes culturally.
 The baby generally co-sleeps with the mother and even with
siblings.
Newborn and maternal care

 Green leafy vegetables are not given as they are considered cold
 The baby is massaged vigorously with heated mustard oil at least
once a day believing that the baby gets strength, warmth and
protection.
 The baby is laid in sunshine believing that it provides warmth
and prevents yellowing.
 The women members of the family believe that eye-liners make
the baby’s eyes blacker and sparkling and the baby would be
protected from any witchcraft/ghost.
 The newborn infant is taken to nearby immunization centre for
vaccination.
Thank
you…

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