GEC 104

Mathematics in the Modern World

Logic Statements and Propositions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the learners should be able to:
1. Use a different type of reasoning to justify
statements and arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical concepts.
 Definition of Proposition
 A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or
false, but not both.
 The truthfulness or falsity of a proposition is called truth
value.
 If the proposition is true, then its truth value is true which is
denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false and denoted
by F.
 Propositions are denoted by the letters p, q, and r.
 Definition of Proposition
• For example,
p: Everyone should study logic.
• May be read as
p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.”
 Definition of Proposition
• Activity 1. Determine whether each of the following statement is a proposition or
not. If proposition, give its truth value.
• Note: Recall that for a statement to be a proposition it has to be a declarative
sentence, and it should have a truth value of either true or false, but not both
true or false at the same time.
STATEMENT
p; Luzon is an island in the Philippines. This is a declarative sentence, and Luzon is an
island in the Philippines. Hence, p is a
proposition. Truth value: True
q: Find a number which divides your This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a
proposition
age.
r: Welcome to Mobile Legends! This is an exclamatory sentence, so it is not a
proposition
s: 2 + 7 = 9 Obviously, 2 + 7 = 9 is a true mathematical
sentence. But, it is declarative sentence? Yes! To
see this, note that you may read is as “the sum
of two and seven is nine,”which clearly is a
declarative sentence. Therefore, s is a
proposition. Truth value: True
 Definition of Proposition
• Activity 1. Determine whether each of the following statement is a proposition or
not. If proposition, give its truth value.
• Note: Recall that for a statement to be a proposition it has to be a declarative
sentence, and it should have a truth value of either true or false, but not both
true or false at the same time.
STATEMENT
t: Where are you going? It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it is
not a proposition
u: Pampanga is in Region III. This is a declarative sentence, and Pampanga
is in Region III. Hence, u is a proposition.
Truth value:True
v: Do your homework. This is an imperative sentence, and so it is
not a proposition
w: x = -4 is a solution of x2= 16. This is a mathematical sentence. If we
substitute the value of x in x2 = 16 it will
become (-4)2 = 16
16 = 16, which is true.
Hence, it is proposition, and the truth value is
true.
 Compound proposition
• Compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler
proposition using logical connectors or connectives or some
combination of connectives. Some logical connectors or
connectives involving propositions p and/ or q may be expressed
as follows:
Not p
p and q
p or q
If p then q

• A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further

down into other component propositions.
 Truth Table
• Truth Table- given a proposition, its truth table show all its
possible truth values
• Example: Since a proposition has two possible truth values, a
proposition p would have the following truth table:
p
T
F
 Truth Table
 The truth table is useful because we can use it to display all the possible truth
value combinations of two or more propositions. For example, suppose p and q
are propositions. We can construct a truth table displaying the relationship
between the possible truth values of p and truth values of q. The rows of table
will correspond to each of the possible truth value combination of p and q, and
so there will be 22 = 4 rows. Thus, for propositions p and q, we have the
following table:
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
 Truth Table
 Similarly, suppose p, q, and r are propositions. Then a truth table involving the
given propositions has 2^3 = 8 rows as shown below.

p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
I. Negation
•Given any statement p, another statement, called the negation
of p, can be formed by writing “It is false that..” before p or, if
possible, by inserting in p the word “not”. Symbolically, the
negation of p is denoted by ~p. The common terms used for
negation are: it is not the case that, no, never, none, nowhere, no
one, no means.
•Examples:
•Consider the proposition: p: Pampanga is located in Region III.
• Its negation will be:
1.~p : It is false that Pampanga is located in Region III.
2.~p : Pampanga is not located in Region III.
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
I. Negation
• The truth value of the negation of a statement satisfies the following
property:
• If p is true, then ~p is false; if p is false then ~p is true.
• In other words, the truth value of the negation of a statement is always the
opposite of the truth value of the original statement.

p p
T F
F T
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
II. Conjunction
•Any two statements can be combined by the word “and” to form a
composite statement which is called the conjunction of the original
statements. Symbolically, the conjunction of the two statements p and
q is denoted by p Ù q. The common terms used for conjunction are:
but, still, while, yet, whereas, albeit, despite, although, however,
nonetheless, nevertheless, moreover, in spite of, and furthermore.
•Examples:
 Let p be “It is raining.”, and q be “The sun is shining”.
 Then p Ù q denotes the statement “It is raining, and the sun is shining”.
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
II. Conjunction
• The truth value of the composite statement p  q satisfies the following
property:

• If p is true and q is true, then p  q is true; otherwise p  q is false.

• A convenient way to state this property is by means of a table as follows:

p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
III. Disjunction
• Any two statements can be combined by the word “or” to form a
new statement which is called the disjunction of the statements p
and q and is denoted by p  q. The common terms used for
disjunction are: else, either …. Or…..

• Examples:
1.Let p be “He enrolled Math I”, and let q be “He dropped Math II”.
• Then p  q is the statement “He enrolled Math I or he dropped
Math II”.
• p q : He enrolled Math I and he dropped Math II.
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
III. Disjunction
• The truth value of the composite statement p  q satisfies the
following property:
• If p is true or q is true or both p and q are true, then p  q is true;
otherwise, p  q is false.
p q pq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
•

IV. Conditional
• Many statements, especially in mathematics, are of the form “if p then q”.
Such statements are called conditional statements and are denoted by p 
q. The conditional p  q can also be read “p implies q”.

Examples: Consider the following statements:

If Pampanga is in Region III then 2 + 2 = 5. False

• T  F
If Pampanga is in NCR then 2 + 2 = 4. True
• F  T
If Pampanga is in Region III then 2 + 2 = 4. True
• T  T
If Pampanga is in NCR then 2 + 2 = 5. True
F  F
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
•

IV. Conditional
• The truth value of the conditional of a statement satisfies the
following property:
• The conditional p  q is true unless p is true, and q is false.
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
• v. Biconditional
• Another common statement is of the form “p if and only if q” or,
simply, “p iff q”. Such statements are called biconditional
statements and are denoted by p  q.
• Examples: Consider the following statements:
Pampanga is in Region III iff 2 + 2 = 5. False
• T  F
Pampanga is in NCR iff 2 + 2 = 4. False
• FT
Pampanga is in Region III iff 2 + 2 = 4. True
• TT
Pampanga is in NCR iff 2 + 2 = 5. True
• FF
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
• v. Biconditional
• The truth value of the biconditional of a statement satisfies the following
property:
• If p and q have the same truth value, then p  q is true; if p and q have opposite
truth values, then p  q is false.

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
• The proper use of parenthesis, bracket or braces as grouping
marks:
1.The parenthesis is used whenever the word “both” goes with “and”,
and “either” goes with “or”. The representations of the following
phrases are:
 Both P or Q and R:(P Ú Q) Ù R
 P or both Q and R:P Ú (Q Ù R)
 Either P and Q or R:(P Ù Q) Ú R
 P and either Q or R:P Ù (Q Ú R)
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
• The proper use of parenthesis, bracket or braces as grouping
marks:
2. The parentheses are used to indicate which simple propositions are
grouped together.
Symbolic form The Parentheses indicated
that:
P  (q  r) Q and r are grouped together
(p  q)  r P and q are grouped together
(p  q)  (r  s) P and q are grouped together
R and s are grouped together
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVES
• The proper use of parenthesis, bracket or braces as grouping marks:
3. If the compound proposition is written in English sentence, then a comma is used to indicate which
simple proposition are grouped together. Statements on the same side of a comma are grouped together

English sentence The comma indicated that:

P , and q or not r Q and r are grouped together because they are
on the same side of comma
P and q, or r P and q are grouped together because they are
both to the left of comma
If p and not q, then r
or s
P and  q are grouped together because they are
(P  ~q)  (r  s) both to the left of comma
R and s are grouped together because they are
both to the right of comma
P and q, iff r or s
 Practice:
• Example: Determine the truth value of each of the ff. statements.
1.If 3 + 2 = 7, then 4 + 4 = 10.
• F  F
• True
1.It is not true that (2 + 2 = 5 if and only if 4 + 4 = 10.)
( F  F )
 ( T )
~ (p  q) False
 Practice:
• Example: Let p be “It is cold.” and let q be “It is raining.”
Give a simple verbal sentence which describes each of the
following statements.
A.p Ù ~q- It is cold and it is not raining.
B.q ® ~p - If it is raining then it is not cold.
C.p «(q Ú ~p) - It is cold , if and only if it is raining or it is not cold.
D.(q Ù p) Ú ~q – It is raining and it is cold, or it is not raining.
 Practice:
• Example: Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q, r and s are
define as follows: Determine the truth value given that p and r are TRUE and q and
s are FALSE.
• p: Near is a big eater. T
• q: Asuna has a big voice. F
• r: Kirito likes to travel. T
• s: Mellow likes Violet. F
Propositions Symbols Truth Value
1.Asuna has a big voice, F  T
while Near is not a big q  p =F  F
eater. = FALSE
1.Kirito likes to travel, or T  T
he does not. r  r =TF
= TRUE
1.It is not true that, Near  (T  F)
is a big eater and =  (T  T)
 (p  s)
Mellow does not like = T
violet. = FALSE
 Practice:
• Example: Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q, r and s are
define as follows: Determine the truth value given that p and r are TRUE and q and
s are FALSE.
• p: Near is a big eater. T
• q: Asuna has a big voice. F
• r: Kirito likes to travel. T
• s: Mellow likes Violet. F
Propositions Symbols Truth Value
1.Either Near is a big
(T  F)  F
eater or Asuna has a big
(p  q)  s =TF
voice, yet Mellow likes
= FALSE
violet.
1.If Near is a big eater or (T  F)  F
Asuna has a big voice, (p  q)  s =TF
then Mellow likes violet. = FALSE
1.Near is a big eater or
Asuna has a big voice if (T  F)  (F  T)
and only if Mellow likes (p  q) (s  r) =TF
violet and Kirito likes to = FALSE