Scribd
Upload
19 views17 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

usmanxan920
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views17 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

usmanxan920
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

General Microbiology

Dr. Alia Erum


Assistant
Professor
What is Microbiology ?

 Microbiology is the study of living organisms of microscopic size


 Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa
 Range in size from nanometer to few mm in size.
 Algae and protists are larger enough to be seen with naked eye.
 It is concerned with their
 Anatomy
 Physiology
 Reproduction
 Metabolism
 Classification
 Their effects on human beings, animals and plants
Disciplines in Microbiology

Bacteriology Study of bacteria


Virology Study of viruses
Protozoology Study of protozoa
Phycology Study of algae
Mycology Study of fungi
Parasitology Study of Parasites
Nomenclature OF
Microorganism

The system of nomenclature (naming) for organisms in use today was established
in 1735 by Carolus Linnaeus
 Binomial nomenclature
Scientific names are latinized because Latin was the language traditionally used
by scholars. These parts are
Genus name
Specie name
Genus name is always capital the specie name is never capitalized both the
names are given in italic or underline. e.g.
Penicillium notatum or Penicillium notatum
Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureus
Classification of
microorganisms
• Orderly arrangements of unit under study in the group or larger units.”
• The fundamental rank of the classification as set down by Linnaeus is the species
• Species is defined as a group of organisms that are 70 percent similar from a
biochemical standpoint
• In the classification scheme, various species are grouped together to form a
genus.
• Various genera are then grouped as a family because of similarities
• Various families are placed together in an order.
• Number of orders are grouped as a class
• Several classes are categorized in a single phylum or division
• The various phyla or divisions are placed in the broadest classification entry, the
kingdom
------Continued
• Until 18th century, all living organisms are placed in two kingdoms.
Animal kingdom
Plant kingdom
• In 1886 a zoologist Hackle suggested a third kingdom Monera which includes
those organisms that are typically neither plants nor animals.
• Herbert Copeland proposed a system that divide Monera into
Eukayotic (Protozoa and algae)
Prokaryotic (bacteria)
• A more recent and comprehensive system of classification the five kingdom
system was proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969 in which Fungi was included as
a separate Kingdom
-------Continued
In 1977 Carlwose discovered Archaea a group having bacterial
resemblance this Discovery Replaced Five Kingdom Concept with
six kingdom concept.
Scope of microbiology with special reference to
pharmaceutical sciences

• Control of infectious diseases


• Antibiotic production
• Vaccine development
• Recombinant DNA technology
• Gene therapy
• Factory or hospital hygiene
• Production of biopolymers
• Microbial enzymes
Control of infectious
diseases

Public health care officers have focused on prevention of bacterial,


viral, fungal or protozoal diseases through education.
Microbiology techniques will continue to be applied to help scientist
• To learn about the structure of causative organisms
• Transmission of diseases
• About the growth of microorganism in cells
• How drugs can be directed against them
• Whether an effective vaccine can be developed
Antibiotic production

• Antibiotics are basically chemicals provided by micro-organisms and


are used to kill or inhibit the growth of others microorganisms. There
are basically three ways of antibiotic production
• Natural: Micro-organisms are one of the sources of antibiotics. Penicillin
production leads to search of other antibiotic producing micro-organisms
especially from soil and then their growth by fermentation
• Semi-synthetic: Some modification in the natural antibiotics gives us semi-
synthetic production. This modification is done chemically i.e. at the end
of chain a specific group is replaced by some other functional group.
• Synthetic production. Antibiotics that are not made by micro-organisms
are made synthetically.
Vaccine Development

• Vaccine is the administration of the antigenic material to stimulate an


individual immune system. Vaccine is produced from killed virulent
microbes, live attenuated germs, isolated components of virulent
micro-organisms. Examples of some vaccines are:
• Influenza vaccine
• Chicken pox vaccine
• MMR (Measles, mumps and Rubella)
Recombinant DNA
technology

• Micro-organisms can generally engineer to manufacture large amount


of human proteins, vaccine and enzymes.

• Examples are hepatitis B vaccine, human insulin, human growth


hormones and clotting factors
Gene therapy

Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses gene to treat or


prevent diseases.
In gene therapy viruses (retro virus, adeno virus etc) are used to insert
missing gene or to replace defective genes.

Example, diseases that are treated by gene therapy


• cystic fibrosis
• Absence of clotting factors
• Certain hemophilia
Factory and hospital
hygiene
• Area designed for manufacturing of sterilized products such as
injectables, eye preparation etc.
• In pharmaceutical manufacturing units have special high facilities to
assure asepsis which includes environmental control i.e. used of filters
HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filters) to supply aseptic air
(99.99% removable of dust)
• Training of personals
• Sterilization facilities
• Routine microbial monitoring
Production of
Biopolymers
• A huge variety of biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, polyesters,
and polyamides, are naturally produced by microorganisms.
• This range from viscous solutions to plastics and their physical
properties are dependent on the composition and molecular weight
of the polymer.
• The genetic manipulation of microorganisms opens up an enormous
potential for the biotechnological production of biopolymers with
tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application such as
tissue engineering and drug delivery.
Microbial Enzymes

• Microorganisms are favored sources for industrial enzymes


 easy availability
 fast growth rate

• Enzymes have many significant and vital roles in the pharmaceutical and
diagnostic industries.
• Therapeutic drugs in health issues associated with enzymatic deficiency and
digestive disorders
• Diagnostic procedures such as ELISA and diabetes testing kits
• Removal of dead skin, and burns by proteolytic enzymes, and clot busting by
fibrinolytic enzymes
• examples are amylases, Protease, ligase etc.

You might also like