PHYSI

SUBMITTED BY:
RAHUL KUMAR MURMU
XII-A,
ROLL NO. 1213A
INVESTEGAT
CS
ORY PROJEC
T 25
2024-

WHITE HOUSE PUBLIC SCHOOL,

BHUJ, GUJARAT 370020
 INDEX / CONTENTS
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT
 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
 ABOUT THE TOPIC
 WORKING OF TRANSFORMERS
 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
 DERIVATION OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
 ENERGY LOSS IN TRANSFORMERS
 EXPERIMENT
 ADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMERS
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my physics teacher Ms. Deepa Soni as well as our
principal sir Mr. Dipen Vaidya who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic To
investigate the relation between the ratio of output and
input voltage and
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self-designed transformer. which also help me in doing
a lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things. I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would
also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
 CERTIFICATE OF
ThisCOMPLETION
is to certify that physics investigatory project on the topic
“To investigate the relation between the ratio of output and
input voltage and number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-designed
transformer.” has been successfully completed by …Rahul
Kumar Murmu….. of class XII-A Science of White House Public
School, Haripar under the guidance of Ms. Deepa Soni in
particular fulfilment of the curriculum of CBSE leading to the
_______________ _______________ _______________
award of annual
Principal Sir examination ofInthe
Teacher year 2024-25.
Charge External Examiner
 ABOUT THE
TOPIC
The following project mainly speaks about the device Transformer.
A Transformer is mainly a device which transfers electric energy from
one alternating-current circuit to one or more other circuits either by
increasing(stepping up) or by decreasing (stepping down) the voltage.

POINTS TO BE HIGHLIGHTED IN THIS PROJECT:

i. Types of Transformers.
ii. Working of a Transformer.
iii. To investigate the relation between the input voltage and output
voltage and the number of turns in the secondary and primary coil of
a self designed Transformer.
iv.Advantages and Uses of Transformers.
 WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER
The transformer mainly works on the principle of
Faraday‘s law of electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction.

There are usually two coils Primary coil and Secondary

coil on the transformer core. The core laminations are
joined in the form of strips. The two coils have high
mutual inductance.

When an alternating-current passes through the primary

coil it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction , this change in
magnetic flux induces an emf in the secondary coil
which is linked to the core having a primary coil . Thus
The Transformer carries the below operations :
I) Transfer of electrical energy from circuit to
another.
II) Transfer of electrical power through
electromagnetic induction.
III) Electric power transfer without any change in
frequency.
IV) Two circuits are linked with mutual induction.
 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION
RATIO
The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the
input voltage of the transformer. It gives the information about the change
in voltage level by the transformer.
It is denoted by :

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns = k
Where, Vp=voltage on the primary side Vs=voltage on the
secondary side
Np=number of turns in the primary winding Ns=number of turns in the
secondary winding
 DERIVATION OF
VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMATION
Turn Ratio:
RATIO
The turns ratio, or the turns-to-turns ratio, is the ratio of the number of turns in the
primary to the number of turns in the secondary. The turns ratio is expressed with
two numbers, like 2:1 or 2 to 1.
The first number represents the primary's relative number of turns, while the
second number represents the secondary's relative number of turns. The turns
ratio of a transformer is calculated by applying the following formula:
Np/Ns
Where , Np = number of turns in the primary winding
Ns = number of turns in the secondary winding
EMF Equation Of The Transformer :

Let , N1 = Number of turns in primary winding

N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A) f
= frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm
from 0. It reaches to the maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e
in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin wave of the supply = 1/f).
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)

Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = 4f Φ ....... (Wb/s).

Now,
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts). Now,
we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X
average emf per turn.

As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is

1.11

Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f

Φm.
RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of emf per turn X Number of turns in
primary winding

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as E2 =

4.44f N2 Φm............................. eq 2

, from the above equations 1 and 2,

This is called the emf equation of transformer, which shows, emf / number of turns is same for
both primary and secondary winding.

For an ideal transformer on no load, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 .

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
On the basis of voltage levels there are two types of transfotmers :
i) Step Up Transformer ii) Step Down Transformer.
Step-up transformers are used between the power generator and the
power grid.
Step- down transformers are used to convert high voltage primary supply
to low voltage secondary supply.
Transformers can further be classified on the basis of medium of core,
winding arrangement, install locations.
 i) STEP-UP TRANSFORMER :
Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p
If I p = value of primary current at the same instant
And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep I p and
Output power at the same instant = Es I s
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power =
output power Or Ep I p = Es I s
Or Es / Ep = I p / I s = K
 ii) STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER :
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns
> Np As, k > 1, so I p > I
s
or I s < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer , whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer
 ENERGY LOSS IN TRANSFORMEER :
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1.Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a
transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore,
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4.Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
 EXPERIMENT
APPARATUS REQUIRED : IRON ROD , AMMETER , VOLTMETER ,
COPPERWIRE .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE :
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 & s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
CONCLUSION : 1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
Secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the Input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
Voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.

SOURCES OF ERROR : 1.Values of current can be changed

due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

PRECAUTION : 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the
A.C should remain constant.
ADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMERS
• It‘s foremost advantage is controlling
and stabilizing the voltage
transmission.
• It doesn’t require any starting time.
• It is highly efficient with less capital
investment and low maintenance.
• They provide isolation to the ground.
• There are no moving parts in
Transformers.
USES OF TRANSFORMERS IN DAILY
LIFE
Steel Manufacturing.
Alternating current regulation.
Charging batteries.
Electrolysis.
Audio Transformer.
Stabilizers.
Rectifiers.
Ammeters or current
transformers.
Impedance matching., etc.
 Conclusio
n
• The output voltage transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

• There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY :
The following sources are taken from
https://energyeducation.c om
www.geeksforgeeks.org
Besides to these the images are taken
from canstockphoto.com &
Dreamstime.com.

Supportive materials are also taken from

GOOGLE, YOUTUBE., etc.