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Chi Square

ANALYSIS OF ENUMERATION

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Prince Hakim
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28 views9 pages

Chi Square

ANALYSIS OF ENUMERATION

Uploaded by

Prince Hakim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYSIS OF

ENUMERATION (COUNTED)
DATA
Learning objectives
By the end of this session,
participants will be able to:
 Recognize data that is

appropriate for contingency


tables
 Construct contingency tables for

counted data
 Apply the chi-square test in

analysis of contingency tables


Key concepts
 Contingency tables
 Chi-square
 Validity of test
 Collapsing
 Exact test
 Correlated counts
Introduction

 Data occurs in form of counts


 Cross-classification with

respect to two or more


variables - categorical
 Presentation in form of

CONTINGENCY Table
Data example
Study has 500 patients,
 100 given treatment 1 (70

cured, 30 not cured)


 200 given treatment 2 (160

cured, 40 not cured)


 200 given treatment 3 (168

cured, 32 not cured)


Test of hypothesis
 Null hypothesis: No association
between the two variables
 Alt hypothesis: There is association
 Reject if value of test stat > table
value
 Df = (r-1)(c-1)
 Obtain p-value
Chi-square test statistic
 Expected value
 What would be the value in each cell if
null hypothesis true?
 (Row total X Column total)/grand total
 For each cell calculate
 (O – E)²/E
 Sum up the values to get χ² statistic
 Df = (r-1)(c-1)
Are results valid?
 Problem with validity if
 Any expected value < 1
 More than 20% of E values < 5
 What to do if this happens?
 Collapse!
 Till when?
 2 by 2 table
 If problem persists see a doctor!
(USE FISHER’S EXACT TEST)
Case of correlated data
 Assumption of independence of
observations – not satisfied here
 Example
 Before & After situation
 Case control situation
 In continuous data (comparison of
means)
 Use PAIRED t-test
 In enumeration data
 Use McNemar’s χ² statistic

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