Computer

Fundamentals

Computer Network, Types and Architecture

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 Conten
ts
• Computer Network
• Types of Computer Network
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Network Architecture
• Client/Server
• Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
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 Conten
ts
• Network Topologies
• Mesh
• Star
• Bus
• Ring
• Tree
• Hybrid
• Network Communication Technologies
• Intranet
• Extranet
• Internet
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Network Definition
• Set of technologies that connects computers
• Allows communication and collaboration between users

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The Uses of a Network
• Simultaneous access to data
• Data files are shared
• Access can be limited
• Shared files stored on a server
• Software can be shared
• Site licenses
• Network versions
• Application servers

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The Uses of a Network
• Shared peripheral device
• Printers and faxes are common shares
• Reduces the cost per user
• Devices can be connected to the network
• Print servers control network printing
• Manage the print queue

9A-6
 Computer
Network
• A computer network is a collection of computers and devices
connected together via communication devices and
transmission media in order to share the data and resources.
• For example it may connect computers, printers and scanners.
• Each device in the network is known as node.
Devices Communication Devices Transmission Media
Printers, Scanners, Routers, Switches, Wired, Wireless: Radio,
Mobiles Hubs, etc. Infrared, Microwave.
etc.

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Computer
Network

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 Computer
Network
Types of
Computer LAN MAN WAN
Network

Network Peer-to-Peer
Client/Server
Architecture (P2P)

Network
Mesh Star Ring Bus Tree
Topologie
s

Network
Communication Intranet Extranet Internet
Technologies

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 Types of Computer Network
(LAN)

• LAN = Local Area Network.

• A local area network is a network that connects computers and

devices in a limited geographically area such as a home, school
computer laboratory, office building.

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Types of Computer Network
(LAN)

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 Types of Computer Network
(MAN)
• MAN = Metropolitan Area Network.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is high speed network that

connect local area network in Metropolitan Area such as city or
town and handles bulk of communication activity across the
region.

• A MAN typically includes one or more LAN but covers a smaller

geographically area than a WAN.

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Types of Computer Network
(MAN)

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Types of Computer Network
(MAN)

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 Types of Computer Network
(WAN)
• WAN = Wide Area Network.
• Wide Area Network is a network that covers a large geographical
area such as country or the world.

• WAN combines many types of media such as telephone

lines, cables and radio wave.

• A WAN can be one large network or can consist of two or more

LANs connected together.
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Types of Computer Network
(WAN)

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 Types of Computer
Network
Parameter LAN MAN WAN
Cost Low High Highest

Network Size Small Larger Largest

Speed Faster Slower Slowest

Fiber Optic Cables /
Transmission Twisted Pair / Fiber
Twisted Pair Cables Radio wave/
Media Optic Cables
Microwave
Number of
Smallest Larger Largest
Computers

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Difference between network
architecture and network
topology
• Network architecture is the design of computer network. Network
topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes,
etc.) of a computer network.

• Network architecture refers to how computers are organized in a

system and how tasks are allocated between these computers. Two of
the most widely used types of network architecture are peer-to-peer
and client/server.ts of elements(nodes,links,etc…,)
• Topology: It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network
are arranged and connected to each other.
 Network
Architecture
• Network Architecture is the over all design of a computer
network that describes how a computer network is configured
and what strategies are being used.
• It is also know as network model or network design.
• Two main network architecture are:

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 Network Architecture
(Client/Server)
Server = Provides services to all the clients
Client = Requests the services from server

•A network server is a computer designed to process requests and

deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or the
Internet.

•A client is a computer that retrieves information from or uses

resources provided by a server or main computer.

• Server is the main central computer and all the client computers are
connected to it.
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Network Architecture
(Client/Server)

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 Network Architecture (Peer-to-
Peer)
• Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a simple, inexpensive network that typically
connects fewer than 10 computers.

• All the computers in the network have equal capabilities to use

the resources (Hardware, software, data, files) available on the
network.

• With peer-to-Peer networks, there is no central server.

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Network Architecture (Peer-to-
Peer)

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 Network
Topologies
• Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
• Network Topology is the graphical representation of
the network.
• Some of the network topologies are:

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Network
Topologies

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 Mesh
Topology
• Here every device is connected to every other device in the
network.
Advantages
• The arrangement of the network nodes is such that it is possible to transmit data from one node to
many other nodes at the same time.
• Each device uses dedicated link so each link can only carry its
own data load. So traffic problem can be avoided. It can handle heavy traffic, as there are dedicated
paths between any two network nodes.
• It is robust, if any one link get damaged it cannot affect others. The failure of a single node does
not cause the entire network to fail as there are alternate paths for data transmission.
• It gives privacy and security (Message travels along a dedicated link).

• Point-to-point contact between every pair of nodes, makes it easy to identify faults. Hence, Fault
identification and fault isolation are easy.

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 Mesh
Topology
Disadvantages

• The arrangement wherein every network node is connected to

every other node of the network, many connections serve no major
purpose. This leads to redundancy of many network connections.
• A lot of cabling is required. Thus, the costs incurred in setup and
maintenance are high.
• Owing to its complexity, the administration of a mesh network is
difficult.
• Hardware required to connected each device is highly expensive.

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Mesh
Topology

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 Star
Topology
• Here each device is connected to the central controller called Hub.
• There is no direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only through the central “hub”.
• When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First sends the data to hub.
Which then relays the data to the other connected device.
Advantages
• Less expensive then mesh since each device is connected only to the hub.
• Installation and configuration are easy.
• Less cabling is need then mesh.
• Robustness (if one link fails, only that links is affected. All other links remain
active).
• Easy
fault 29
identifica
 Star
Topology

Disadvantages

• Even it requires less cabling then mesh when compared

with other topologies it still large.(Ring or bus).

• Dependency (whole network dependent on one single

point (hub), when it goes down, the whole system is dead).

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Star
Topology

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 Bus Topology
• Here one long cable act as a backbone, all the devices are connected to
the backbone by drop lines and taps.
• Drop line is the connection between the devices and the cable.
• Tap is the splitter that cuts the main link.
• This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
• If a device wants to communicate with other device on the network, it
sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all the other devices see.
• But only the intended devices accepts and process the message.

• Advantages
• Ease of installation
• Less cabling 32
 Bus Topology
Advantages
• Ease of installation.
• Less cabling.
Disadvantages
• Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
• Difficult to add new devices.
• Signal reflection at top can degradation in quality.
• Any fault in backbone will stop entire network.
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Bus Topology
• On a bus topology only one computer can send data on the bus at any one
time. ... Computers on a bus network transmit data or listen for data but
they are not responsible for moving data from one computer to the next.
This means that if a computer fails the network will not be affected.

• The purpose of the terminator is to absorb signals so that they do not

reflect back down the line.
• This cable connecting the device and the central cable is called drop line.
• A tap can be treated as a connector, that connects the drop line with the
central cable.
Bus Topology

Drop Line

T-Connector

Backbone Line
T T T T
T T T

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 Ring
Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated connection with two devices on
either side.
• The signal is passed in one direction from device to device until it
reaches the destination and each device have repeater.
• When one device received signals instead of intended another
device, its repeater then regenerates the data and passes them
along.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections.

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 Ring
Topology
• Advantages
• Easy to install.
• Easy to reconfigure.
• Fault identification is easy.
• Disadvantages
• Unidirectional traffic.
• Break in a single ring will break entire network.

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Ring
Topology

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 Tree
Topology

• Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.

• Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is

similar to a bus topology and a star topology.

• A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other

star networks.

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Tree
Topology

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 Hybrid
Topology
• Interconnection of different topologies.

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• A Star Network Topology is best suited for smaller networks and
works efficiently when there is limited number of nodes. One has to
ensure that the hub or the central node is always working and extra
security features should be added to the hub because it s the heart of
the network.

• Ring network topologies are most often found on school campuses,

though some commercial organizations also use them
Network Communication
Technologies

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 Intran
et
• An intranet is a private network within an organization that
resembles the internet.

• Organizations use intranets to provide information to their

employees.

• Typicalapplications include electronic telephone directories,

email addresses, employee information, internal job openings
and much more.
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Intran
et

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 Extran
et

• Is a private network that connects more than one organizations.

• Many organizations use the internet technologies to allow

suppliers, customers and business partner limited access to their
network.

• The purpose is to increase efficiency and reduce costs.

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Extran
et

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 Intern
et
• Internet is a public network.
• Network of networks.
• It is worldwide collection of
networks that links million of
business, government agencies, educational institution and
individuals.
• Internet users can access service like web browsing, email, file
transfer, mailing list, chat rooms, instant messaging and
newsgroups.

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Intern
et

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Classification
(Type)

Internet
Intranet
VPN

Extranet
Image source: http://www.flexsys-group.com
Network Communication
Technologies
Parameter Intranet Extranet Internet
Used for Private Private Public
Provide information to
Provide information for Provide information
Types of users suppliers, customers
organization for public
and business partner
employees
Telephone directories, Access data, check
Access all kinds of
Usage internal job opening, status, place orders,
information
employee information send email

Security High Medium Low

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