Lecture: 33-36

Computer Fundamentals

Introduction to Internet

1
 Conten
ts
1. Internet and Computer Network
2. Basic Information Regarding Internet
3. Internet Services

2
Introduction to Internet
• INTERNET stands for Interconnected Network
• The Internet is known as “interconnection of computer
networks”.
• The Internet is a massive network of networks.
• It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a
network in which any computer can communicate with any other
computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet.
Introduction to Internet
• The INTERNET or NET is the largest computer network in the
world that connects billions of computer users.
• The word Internet comes from the combination between
Interconnection and Network.
• A computer network is a collection of computers and devices
connected together via communication devices and
transmission media in order to share the data and resources.
• For example it may connect computers, printers and scanners.
• Each device in the network is known as node.
Introduction to Internet

Devices
Printers, Scanners,
Mobiles
etc.
Communication Devices
Routers, Switches,
Hubs, etc.
Transmission Media
Wired, Wireless: Radio,
Infrared, Microwave.
Basic Information
• Vinton Cerf
• Father of the Internet
• Co-designer of TCP/IP networking protocol.
Internet Services
WWW
• Tim Berners-Lee
• Father of www
• Invented www while working at CERN,
the European Particle Physics Laboratory.
WWW
 WWW
• Hypertext refers to the system of managing the
information related to the plain text.
• Hypermedia refers to connecting hypertext with other
media such as graphics, sounds, animations.
• Hypertext and hypermedia, are the techniques for
linking non-linear information.
• The two terms are distinct in a manner that the
hypertext allows only text to be hyperlinked while
hypermedia could use various multimedia elements
such as images, audio and video, in order to link the
text and media over the World Wide Web.
• However, hypertext is a part of the hypermedia as
hypermedia includes text, image, audio, video, etcetera.
Difference between Web and
Internet
Web Page
Web Browser
Different Types of Web Browsers
Protocol
Electronic Mail
Advantages of Internet
Advantages of Internet
Advantages of Internet
Advantages of Internet
Advantages of Internet
Disadvantages of Internet
Disadvantages of Internet

unscrupulous: someone who behaves in a dishonest or unethical way

Bots: an autonomous program on the internet or another network that can interact with systems or
users.
Perplexing: very confusing
Disadvantages of Internet

Inconspicuous:
Insignificant
Disadvantages of Internet

Afflicted: mentally or
physically impaired
The OSI Model
OSI Model
• OSI Reference Model - internationally standardised network
architecture.
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open systems, i.e.
systems open for communications with other systems.
• Specified in ISO 7498.
• Model has 7 layers.
OSI Model
• The OSI model describes the flow of data in a network, from the lowest layer (the
physical connections) up to the layer containing the user’s applications.
• Data going to and from the network is passed layer to layer.
• Each layer is able to communicate with the layer immediately above it and the
layer immediately below it.
• When a layer receives a packet of information, it checks the destination address,
and if its own address is not there, it passes the packet to the next layer.
• When two computers communicate on a network, the software at each layer on
one computer assumes it is communicating with the same layer on the other
computer. For example, the Transport layer of one computer communicates with
the Transport layer on the other computer.
• The Transport layer on the first computer has no regard for how the
communication actually passes through the lower layers of the first computer,
across the physical media, and then up through the lower layers of the second
computer.
• The Application layer represents the level at which applications access network
services.
• This layer represents the services that directly support applications such as
software for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail.
• · The Presentation layer translates data from the Application layer into an
intermediary format. This layer also manages security issues by providing services
such as data encryption, and compresses data so that fewer bits need to be
transferred on the network.
• · The Session layer allows two applications on different computers to establish, use,
and end a session. This layer establishes dialog control between the two computers
in a session, regulating which side transmits, plus when and how long it transmits.
• · The Transport layer handles error recognition and recovery. It also repackages
long messages when necessary into small packets for transmission and, at the
receiving end, rebuilds packets into the original message. The receiving Transport
layer also sends receipt acknowledgments.
• · The Network layer addresses messages and translates logical addresses and names into
physical addresses. It also determines the route from the source to the destination computer
and manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and controlling the congestion of
data packets.
• · The Data Link layer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical,
structured packets for data). This layer is responsible for transferring frames from one
computer to another, without errors. After sending a frame, it waits for an acknowledgment
from the receiving computer.
• · The Physical layer transmits bits from one computer to another and regulates the
transmission of a stream of bits over a physical medium. This layer defines how the cable is
attached to the network adapter and what transmission technique is used to send data over
the cable

• This partition into ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ layers is a widely used way to distinguish between the communications-
oriented layers and the applications- oriented layers.
• In fact layers 5 and 6 are often ignored in practical applications (the Internet protocol hierarchy has no equivalents
to layers 5 and 6).