Introduction

Chapter 1

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Uses of Computer Networks
• Business Applications
• Company LANs, Resource Sharing, VPNs, Web Applications,
client-server model, email, VoIP, e-commerce
• Home Applications
• Internet, client-server and p2p, messanging, social media, IPTV,
smart home,
a) Mobile Users
• Connectivity, hotspot, Cellular, SMS, GPS, m-commerce, RFID,
NFC, Sensor network, wearables
b) Social Issues and Applications
• Network neutrality - all Internet traffic should be treated equally

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Business Applications (1)

A network with two clients and one server

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Business Applications (2)

The client-server model involves requests and replies

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Home Applications (1)

In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Home Applications (2)

Some forms of e-commerce

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Mobile Users

Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Social Issues
• Network neutrality - communications that are not
differentiated by their content or source or who is providing
the content
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act - automated systems
that search peer-to-peer networks and fire off warnings to
network operators and users who are suspected of
infringing copyright
• Profiling users – People privacy
• Phishing

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Network Hardware (1)

• Personal area networks

• Local area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Wide are networks
• The internet

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Network Hardware (2)
• Transmission Technology
• Broadcast link and point-to-point links
• Delivery Models
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast
• Anycast

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Network Hardware

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew

Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson
Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Network Hardware

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew

Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson
Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Network Hardware (3)

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Personal Area Network

Bluetooth PAN configuration

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Local Area Networks

Wireless and wired LANs. (a) 802.11. (b) Switched Ethernet.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wide Area Networks (1)

WAN that connects three branch offices in Australia

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wide Area Networks (2)

WAN using a virtual private network.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wide Area Networks (3)

WAN using an ISP network.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wide Area Networks (3)
Key Terms
•Packet
•Packet switching
•Routing
•Datagram
•Virtual Circuit

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Network Software

• Protocol hierarchies
• Design issues for the layers
• Connection-oriented versus connectionless
service
• Service primitives
• Relationship of services to protocols

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Hierarchies (1)

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Hierarchies (2)

The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Network Architecture :
A set of layers and protocols
Protocol Stack:
A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per
layers.
 Protocol Hierarchies (3)

Example information flow supporting virtual

communication in layer 5.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Design issues of layers
1. Identify the sender and receiver from host-to-host of the networks.
2. Have multiple computers, identify the sender and receiver,
processes and addressing.
3. Data transfer – 3 modes: simplex, Half-duplex, Full Duplex comm.
4. Connection based on priorities
5. Error Control- detect the error detection and correct the error by
error correction
6. Passing the sequencing of pieces.
 Connection-Oriented Versus
Connectionless Service

Six different types of service.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Service Primitives (1)

A service is formally defined by a set of operations available to the

user process to access the services.
Six service primitives that provide a simple
connection-oriented service
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Service primitives- connection-less
a) UNIDATA- sends a packet of data.
b) FACILITY, REPORT – delivery statistics.
 Service Primitives (2)

A simple client-server interaction using

acknowledged datagrams.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The Relationship of Services to
Protocols
The relationship between a service and a protocol.
• Service defines what operations the layer is prepared to
perform for its users.
• Service is a set of primitives that a layer provides to the layer
above it.
• Service related to the interface between layers
• Protocols related to packets sent between peer entites on
different machine.
The Relationship of Services to Protocols

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Reference Models

• OSI reference model

• TCP/IP reference model
• Model used for this text
• Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• Critique of OSI model and protocols
• Critique of TCP/IP model

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The OSI Reference Model

Principles for the seven layers

• Layers created for different abstractions
• Each layer performs well-defined function
• Function of layer chosen with definition of
international standard protocols in mind
• Minimize information flow across interfaces
between boundaries
• Number of layers optimum

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The OSI Reference Model

The OSI reference model

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 OSI Reference Model Layers
• Physical layer
• Data link layer
• Network layer
• Transport layer
• Session layer
• Presentation layer
• Application layer

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
The TCP/IP Reference Model Layers

• Link layer
• Internet layer
• Transport layer
• Application layer

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
The TCP/IP Reference Model (1)

The TCP/IP reference model

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The TCP/IP Reference Model (2)

The TCP/IP reference model with some protocols we will study

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The Model Used in this Book

The reference model used in this book.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Comparison of the OSI and
TCP/IP Reference Models

Concepts central to OSI model

• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Example Networks

• Internet
• ARPANET
• NSFNET
• Third-generation mobile phone networks
• Wireless LANs: 802.11
• RFID and sensor networks

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The ARPANET (1)

a) Structure of the telephone system.

b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The ARPANET (2)

The original ARPANET design

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The ARPANET (3)

Growth of the ARPANET.

• December 1969.
• July 1970.
• March 1971.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The ARPANET (4)

Growth of the ARPANET.

• April 1972.
• September 1972.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 NSFNET

The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Architecture of the Internet

Overview of the Internet architecture

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (1)

Cellular design of mobile phone networks

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (2)

Architecture of the UMTS 3G mobile phone network.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (3)

Mobile phone handover (a) before, (b) after.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless LANs: 802.11 (1)

a) Wireless network with an access point.

b) Ad hoc network.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless LANs: 802.11 (2)

Multipath fading

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless LANs: 802.11 (3)

The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 RFID and Sensor Networks (1)

RFID used to network everyday objects.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 RFID and Sensor Networks (2)

Multihop topology of a sensor network

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Network Standardization

• Who’s Who in telecommunications

• Who’s Who in international standards
• Who’s Who in internet standards

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Who’s Who in International Standards (1)

The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *.
The ones marked with  are hibernating. The one marked with †
gave up and disbanded itself.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Who’s Who in International Standards (2)

The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *.
The ones marked with  are hibernating. The one marked with †
gave up and disbanded itself.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Metric Units (1)

The principal metric prefixes

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Metric Units (2)

The principal metric prefixes

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 End

Chapter 1

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011