Unit vi

 SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUITS

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 Signal conditioning circuits ???

 Methods for modifying the transduced signal to

usable format required for subsequent stages

 Converting to suitable format depends upon the type

of signal conditioning equipment used
 Linear signal conditioning equipment
 Non linear signal conditioning
equipment
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 Signal conditioning for

 PASSIVE TRANSDUCER:-
 Excitation source
 An amplification source
 ACTIVE TRANSDUCER
 An amplification source

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 TYPES OF SIGNAL
CONDTIONING CIRCUITS

DC SIGNAL AC SIGNAL
CONDITIONI CONDITIONI
NG NG

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 DC SIGNAL CONDITIONING

Trans Calibration & DC

Bridg LPF
ducer Balancing n/w
e ckt
n/w

DC Power
SOURC supply
E

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 AC SIGNAL CONDITIONING

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 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

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 IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS

 Infinite input impedance

 Zero output impedance
 Infinite open loop gain
 Infinite bandwidth

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 TERMS RELATED WITH OP
AMP
 Common mode signals [ ]: The output of
difference amplifier is proportional to the
difference between the 2 inputs
 Vo= [V2-V1]Vi
 If V1= V2:
 Vo = 0
 Equal inputs are called as Common mode
signals, bcoz the input signal is common to
both the inputs
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 Contd…..

 Ac = Vo/Vc
 Common mode Rejection Ratio:
 CMRR = Ad/Ac
 Difference gain= Ad
 Common gain= Ac

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 Applications of OP AMP

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 Contd…………….

 Difference Amplifier
Voltage follower

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 Contd……….

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 Contd………

 Differentiator output waveforms Integrated

output

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 Applications
contd……….

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 Contd……

 Logarithmic amplifier

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 Contd………..

 Precision Rectifiers

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 Contd……..

Vo= - [Rf/R1] vi
If Rf>>R1, It acts as
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multiplier
18
 Contd
 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

Vo= [v2-V1]
[1+2R/Rg]

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 ATTENUATORS

 Circuit that reduces the power of

a signal without appreciably
distorting its waveform
 Two port n/w which provides loss
 Consists of passive components
 Reduces the amplitude of the
signal to a known amount to
protect the devices or to enable
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the measurement
 TYPES OF ATTENUATORS

1. STEPPED ATTENUATORS [ USING

SWITCEHS]
2.CONTINUOUS ATTENUATORS
[ USING POT’S]
3.FIXED ATTENUATORS

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 Diagrams for attenuator
types

 Switched attenuators fixed

attenuators

 Continuous attenuator

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 TYPES OF ATTENUATORS

 PI TYPE ATTENUATORS Pads]

 T TYPE ATTENUATORS [ T Pads]
 L TYPE ATTENUATORS [ L pads]

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 T type attenuator pads

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 L type attenuator pads

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 Pi type attenuators

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 Commonly used Attenuators
 1. Pi attenuator pad
 2. T attenuator pad

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 Uses of attenuators

 1. Radio communication
 Co axial lines: Unbalanced attenuators [ RF
commn]
 Twisted pair : Balanced attenuators [ LF tele
commn]
 2. Transmission lines

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 Benefits of Attenuators
 1. Extending the dynamic range of
measuring equipment's by adjusting
the signal levels
 2. Provide impedance matching of
various apparatus
 3. To reduce effects of improper input
and output terminations
 4. Isolation between different circuit
stages

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 FILTERS

 Designed to pass the signals of wanted

frequency and to rejects the signals of
unwanted frequency

 It may be unwanted harmonics and noise

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 Types of filters

 1. ELECTRICAL FILTERS
 2. MECHANICAL FILTERS
 3.PNEUMATIC FILTERS
 4.HYDRAULIC FILTERS
 5.ACOUSTICAL FILTERS

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 IMAGES OF NON ELECTRICAL
FILTERS

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 ELECTRICAL FILTERS

1. PASSIVE
FILTERS
2. ACTIVE
FILTERS
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 ELECTRICAL FILTERS cont’d

• 1. LOW PASS
Both
Active FILTERS
filters and • 2. HIGH PASS
passive FILTERS
filters can • 3. BAND PASS
be FILTERS
classified • 4. BAND STOP
into FILTERS
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 Passive filters

 LOW PASS FILTER

 Low frequencies without attenuation

whereas high frequencies are greatly
attenuated
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 PASSIVE FILTERS cont’d
 HIGH PASS FILTERS

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 BAND PASS FILTERS

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 BAND STOP FILTER

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 LC FILTERS

 LOW PASS LC FILTER HIGH PASS LC FILTER

 F = 1/(2*PI*SQRT(L*C))

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 Dis advantages of passive filters

AMPLITUDE IS LESS
THAN THE INPUT
SIGNAL

LOAD IMPEDANCE
EFFECTS CHANGES
THE FILTER
CHARACTERISTICS

IF MULITPLE STAGES,
ATTENUATION
BECOMES SEVERE

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 ACTIVE
FILTERS

An analog electronic filter using active

components such as OP AMP
Amplifier is used to improve the performance
Inductor usage is eliminated since it is
expensive and bulky
Load impedance is absent in the active filter,
so that it does not affect the characteristics
of the filter
More easier to design, good accuracy with
steep roll off etc…….
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 ANALOG/DIGITAL/ANALOG
CONVERTERS

 Natural occurring phenomena are always

analog in nature
 Continuous function with
time
 Most of the transducers are analog in nature,
since modern instrumentation employs
digital computers compatibility and
interconnectivity becomes complex and
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difficult
 CONVERTERS

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 Cont’d……….

 To establish the interconnectivity

between the analog transducer and to
the digital world, it becomes mandatory
to have analog/digital/analog
converters

 Why to connect the analog sensors and

devices to digital computers?

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 Inter connectivity

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 Analog and Digital system

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 Cont’d…..

 To increase the ACCURACY

 To improve the PRODUCTIVITY
 by various computational power and data
handling capabilities in semi and fully
automatic control and instrumentation

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 Analog signals

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 Cont’d……..

 An analog signal is a continuous signal that

contains time varying quantities

 Can be used to measure some changes in

physical phenomena such as light, pressure,
temperature, sound etc………

 It has infinite resolution

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 Cont’d………

 Analog signal is more prone to noise and

distortion when it is subjected to signal
processing's are transmitted through some
communication channels

 Design of analog signal processing

circuits becomes complex and even
degrade the signal resolutions, thereby
affecting its accuracy and losing
valuable information's
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 DIGITAL TO ANALOG
CONVERTER

 A digital to analog converter (DAC) converts

a digital signal to an analog voltage or
current output.

100101…
DAC

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 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS
D/A CONVERTERS

 Obviously when analog signal is converted to

digital form there is reduction in its
resolution since digital signals are discrete
and varies by a definite step

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 A/D CONVERTERS

 It converts analog voltage to binary numbers

 The binary numbers may be of different
length
 2,4,8,16, 32 …………..
 More the bit representation more the
resolution of A/D converters
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 CONCEPTS OF SAMPLING

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 Types of A/D converter

 1. Voltage to Time A/D converter RAMP

type
 2. Voltage to Frequency converter
Integration type
 3. Dual Slope Integration A/D converter
 4. Successive Approximation A/D
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converter
 THANKS

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