Introduction to Data

Communications and
Computer Networks
CCE 211 Data Communications and Engineering

Arpita Howlader
Prof. Dr. Md. Samsuzzaman

Revised 2018-08-10
Reference Book
• Data Communication and Networking - Behrouz A.
Forouzan Latest Edition
• Data and Computer Communication - William Stallings
Latest Edition

2
Outline
• Communications Model
• Basic Data Communication Terminology
• Networking
• Standards Organizations

3
Telecom vs. Datacom
• Communications
◦ Transfer of data from one entity to another via some form of transmission
medium

• Telecommunications
◦ Communication over a distance by definition
◦ All type of communications using signaling such as voice (telephone),
images (television), data (computers)

• Data communications
◦ Subset of telecommunications that involves the transmission and reception
of data to and from computers and components of computer systems

4
Data Communication:
Definition
The term telecommunication means communication
at a distance.

The word data refers to information presented in

whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.

• Data Communication:
Transfer
Transfer of
of data
data from
from one
one device
device to
to another
another via
via
some
some form
form of
of transmission
transmission medium.
medium.

5
Fundamental characteristics Data
Communication

6
Data Communication
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?
Hi, how are you? Hi, how are you?

Computer User

01010001 01010001

7
Communication Model
Source system Destination system
input message
output message

Source Destination
Device Communications
device
system
input data
output data

Transmitter Transmission
Receiver
medium
transmitted received
signal signal

8
Example of
Communication System
Source system Destination system
A A

computer computer
Telephone Networks
110011 110011

modem modem

9
Components in
Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?

5 Protocol
2 Sender 3 Receiver

4 Medium

10
Components of Data
Communications
1 Source system 2 Destination system
message 4 message

3
Source Destination
Device Communications
device
system
input data
output data

Transmitter Transmission
Receiver
medium
transmitted received
signal signal

5 Protocol

11
1.1.2 Message -Data
Representation
• Numbers
◦ 8/16/32 bit integers, signed/unsigned
◦ floating-point 150
2

• Text
◦ ASCII, Unicode
• Images
◦ Bit patterns, Graphics formats JPG, PNG, etc. 255

• Audio  Samples of continuous signal

• Video  Sequence of bitmap images

12
Protocols and Standards
• Protocol
◦ A set of rules governing data communications
◦ Syntax: format of data block
◦ Semantics: meaning of each section
◦ Timing: speed and sequencing

• Standard
◦ De facto (in practice) standards
◦  not approved but widely adopted
◦ De jure (in law) standards
◦  approved by an organization

13
Examples of Standards
Organizations
List of some major standard bodies

14
ITU-T
International Telecommunications Union –
Telecommunication Standard Sector

• International standard organization that develops standard

for telecommunications
• Some well known standards
◦ V series
◦ X series
◦ H series
◦ G Series

15
ISO
International Standards Organization

• An International standard organization that develops

standard for variety of fields

16
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
• A large open international
community of network
designers, operators, vendors,
and researchers concerned
with the evolution of the
Internet architecture

17
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

• The largest professional

group involved in standards
for computing,
communications, electrical
and electronics

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Direction of Data
1.1.3 Data Flow

Transmission
Simplex

Type of Direction Half-duplex

Full-duplex

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Simplex
• Data are only transmitted in one direction
• One device can only transmit; the other can only receive

Computer Display

Unidirectional

Hi….

Transmitter pager

20
Half-duplex
• Both stations may transmit; but only one at a time
(alternate in transmitting)
• Example: Walkie-Talkies

S1 Transmit from S1 to S2 at time T1 S2

Transmitter/Receiver Transmit from S2 to S1 at time T2 Transmitter/Receiver

21
Full-duplex
• Full-Duplex operation can occur in two ways:
◦ two separate transmission path
◦ channel is divided between signals traveling in opposite directions
• Example: telephones
Simulteneous send and receive
data from each other
S1 S2

Transmitter/Receiver Transmitter/Receiver

22
 Networks
• A network is a set of two or more devices connected
through a communication system

Communication
System

Cliparts are taken from http://openclipart.org

23
Network Criteria
• A network must be able to meet a certain number of
criteria. The most important of these are
• performance,
• reliability, and
• security.

24
 Physical Structures

Line Configurations
Point-to-Point

Line configurations

Multipoint
Type of Connection
A network is two or more devices connected through links. A link is a communications
pathway that transfers data from one device to another. For communication to occur, two
devices must be connected in some way to the same link at the same time.

25
Point-to-Point
• Only two devices share the medium
• The entire capacity of the link is reserved for the
transmission between those two devices

A direct link A direct link

between two devices between two devices

Station Station

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Multipoint (or Multidrop)
• More than two devices share the same medium
• The capacity of the link is shared
Station Station Station

A link is shared
Station between several devices
Station

27
Data Transmission

Parallel

Data Transmission

Serial

Asynchronous

Synchronous

28
Parallel Transmission
• Simultaneous transmission results in high speed
• Required more data lines, hence higher cost
• Usually limited to short distances because its costs and
crosstalk

0
1
0
1 Need eight data lines
1
0
for sending each byte
1
1

Picture from Wikipedia

29
Serial Transmission
• One bit follows another, only one data line for each
direction
• The sender needs a parallel-to-serial converter and the
receiver needs a serial-to-parallel converter.
A group of bits are sent one after another

0101101110 0100101110 0000101110 0110101110

Need only one data line

30
Network Topologies
• Common topologies are bus, ring, star, and mesh

Bus

Ring

Network Topologies

Star

Mesh

31
Topology
• Topology: physical or logical arrangement of devices
◦ Point-to-point
◦ Mesh
◦ Star
◦ Bus
◦ Ring
◦ Hybrid

32
Point-to-Point
Connection

33
Fully Connected Mesh
Topology
E

A D

B C

34
Fully Connected Mesh
Topology

35
Fully Connected Mesh
Topology
• Pros:
◦ Dedicated links
◦ Robustness
◦ Privacy
◦ Easy to identify fault

• Cons:
◦ A lot of cabling
◦ I/O ports
◦ Difficult to move

36 36
Star Topology
A D

Hub Drop

B C
Drop

37
Star Topology
A D

Switch

B C

38
Star Topology
A D

Hub

B C

39
Star Topology
• Pros:
◦ One I/O port per device
◦ Little cabling
◦ Easy to install
◦ Robustness
Hub
◦ Easy to identify fault

• Cons:
◦ Single point of failure
◦ More cabling still required

40 40
Bus Topology

Drop
line

Tap

Terminator

41
Bus Topology
A B C D

42
Bus Topology

43
Bus Topology
• Pros:
◦ Little cabling
◦ Easy to install

• Cons:
◦ Difficult to modify
◦ Difficult to isolate fault
◦ Break in the bus cable stops all transmission

44 44
Ring Topology
C

D
B

45
Ring Topology

46
Ring Topology

• Pros:
◦ Easy to install
◦ Easy to identify fault

• Cons:
◦ Delay in large ring
◦ Break in the ring stops all
transmission

47 47
Hybrid Topologies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK

COL COL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK

COL COL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

48 48
Switching Networks

Communication Network Node

 provide switching facility (routing)

Network Station
 end node (source &destination)

Communications is achieved by transmitting

data from source to destination through a
Communication Network network of switching nodes

49
Switching Technologies
• Circuit switching
◦ A circuit is established for the two
parties
telephon
e
• Packet switching switch

◦ Data are put into packets, each

stamped with source and destination
addresses
◦ Routers know where to forward
packets

Packe Route
t r

50
Key Differences
Aspect Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Data path Dedicated single route Different shared routes
Message Bypass Temporarily stored at each node
End point's status Both must be ready Only sender is ready
Utilization Poor Good
Data rate Fixed Varied
Prioritization Not support Support

51
Network Categories by
Distance
Local Area Network
(LAN)

Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN)
Network categories
(by distance)
Wide Area Network
(WAN)

Body/Personal Area Network

(BAN/PAN)

52
LAN
hub/switch stations

General Characteristics :

hub/switch
 Confined geographical area
stations
 Under single management
 High data rate

hub/switch stations

servers
hub/switch
router

53
MAN
• A network which cover an entire city
• A single network or a number of connected LANs
LAN
LAN

Public city
network
LAN
LAN

54
WAN
• A network that covers a relatively broad geographic area
• It often uses long-distance transmission facilities provided
by public carriers

55
BAN/PAN

Nike.com

https://www.bhphotovideo.com/images/
images1000x1000/
Adesso_IMOUSE_S100_Bluetooth_Mini_Optical_Scr
oll_696816.jpg
http://developer.sonymobile.com
56 56
Network of Networks

Company A Company B
Network Interface Card (NIC)

Company C Company D

57
Internetworking
• How to allow devices of different standards to communicate?
• Gateways/routers – devices capable
of communicating in several standards

• These become "network of networks", i.e., internetwork

58
Internetworks
• Collection of networks interconnected by routers and other
devices
LAN
LAN

WAN LAN

LAN LAN
MAN

59
The Internet
• The largest internetwork in the world
• Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol suite

Stanford U. of Utah

UC Santa Barbara

UCLA

60
Internet Growth

https://devcentral.f5.com/articles/security-sidebar-defending-the-internet-of-things

61
Technologies Around Us
• New generation of switching technologies provide
improved services to home and workplace
Cable
Modem
Frame Relay ADSL CATV
Network

Internet
Cellular
ATM
3G/4G/5G
Network

ISDN E/T-carrier
Network PSTN
Network

Modem

62
Summary
• Data communications
◦ Protocols and standards
◦ Data flows
◦ Connectivity
• Computer networks
◦ Topologies
◦ LAN/MAN/WAN/BAN/PAN
• Internetworks (networks of networks)
• The Internet

63