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Metric Space

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41 views11 pages

Metric Space

Uploaded by

sajjadhafeezkhan786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Metric Space

SlideMake.com
Introduction to Metric Space

• A metric space is a set equipped with a distance function


that measures the distance between any two elements in
the set.

• The distance function, also known as a metric, must satisfy


certain properties such as non-negativity, symmetry, and
the triangle inequality.

• Metric spaces are fundamental in mathematics and have


applications in various fields such as analysis, geometry,
and topology.
Definition of Metric

• A metric on a set X is a function d: X x X -> R that satisfies


the following properties:

• Non-negativity: d(x, y) ≥ 0 for all x, y in X, and d(x, y) = 0 if


and only if x = y.

• Symmetry: d(x, y) = d(y, x) for all x, y in X.


Properties of Metric

• Triangle Inequality: d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z) for all x, y, z in


X.

• Metric induces a topology on X, where open balls form a


basis for the open sets.

• Any subset of a metric space is itself a metric space with


the induced metric.
Examples of Metric Spaces

• The Euclidean space R^n with the Euclidean distance is a


classic example of a metric space.

• The space of continuous functions on a compact interval


with the sup norm is a metric space.

• The space of all bounded sequences with the supremum


norm is another example of a metric space.
Completion of Metric Spaces

• A metric space is complete if every Cauchy sequence in the


space converges to a limit within the space.

• Any metric space can be completed by adding its limit


points, resulting in a complete metric space.

• The completion of a metric space is unique up to isometry.


Connectedness in Metric Spaces

• A metric space is connected if it cannot be divided into two


disjoint non-empty open sets.

• Connectedness is a topological property that is preserved


under homeomorphisms.

• The real line R with the standard metric is connected, while


the disjoint union of two open intervals is not connected.
Compactness in Metric Spaces

• A metric space is compact if every open cover has a finite


subcover.

• Compactness implies sequential compactness, where every


sequence in the space has a convergent subsequence.

• Compact metric spaces are characterized by the Heine-


Borel theorem in Euclidean spaces.
Convergence in Metric Spaces

• A sequence {x_n} in a metric space X converges to a limit x


in X if for every ε > 0, there exists N such that d(x_n, x) < ε
for all n ≥ N.

• Convergence is a key concept in metric spaces and is


closely related to continuity and compactness.

• Different types of convergence, such as pointwise


convergence for functions, can be studied in metric spaces.
Applications of Metric Spaces

• Metric spaces are essential in functional analysis, where


they provide a framework for studying spaces of functions.

• In geometric group theory, metric spaces play a crucial role


in understanding the geometry of groups and their actions.

• Machine learning algorithms often use metric spaces to


model similarity between data points and objects.
Conclusion

• Metric spaces are a fundamental concept in mathematics


that provide a framework for studying distances and
convergence.

• They have wide-ranging applications in various fields,


including analysis, geometry, and computer science.

• Understanding metric spaces is essential for exploring the


rich interplay between distance, topology, and structure in
mathematical spaces.

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