cell organelles

CELL
ORGANELLES
AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Dr. Sabahat Ali
CYTOPLASM AND ITS ORGANELLES
The cytoplasm is fi lled with both minute

and large dispersed particles and
organelles.
The clear fl uid portion of the cytoplasm in
which the particles are dispersed is called
cytosol; this contains mainly dissolved
proteins, electrolytes, and glucose.
Dispersed in the cytoplasm are neutral fat
globules, glycogen granules, ribosomes,
secretory vesicles, and fi ve especially
important organelles: the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, lysosomes, and
peroxisomes.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A network of tubular and fl at vesicular

structures in the cytoplasm; this is the
endoplasmic reticulum.
The tubules and vesicles interconnect with one
another. Also, their walls are constructed of
lipid bilayer membranes that contain large
amounts of proteins, similar to the cell
membrane.
The total surface area of this structure in some
cells—the liver cells, for instance—can be as
much as 30 to 40 times the cell membrane area.
The space inside the tubules and vesicles is
fi lled with endoplasmic matrix, a watery
medium that is diff erent from the fl uid in the
cytosol outside the endoplasmic reticulum.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
RIBOSOMES AND THE GRANULAR
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Attached to the outer surfaces of
many parts of the endoplasmic
reticulum are large numbers of
minute granular particles called
ribosomes.
Where these are present, the
reticulum is called the granular
endoplasmic reticulum or rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
The ribosomes are composed of a
mixture of RNA and proteins, and
they function to synthesize new
protein molecules in the cell.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
A SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Part of the endoplasmic

reticulum has no attached
ribosomes.
This part is called the smooth,
The SER functions for the
synthesis of lipid substances
and for other processes of the
cells promoted by
intrareticular enzymes.
Dr. Sabahat Ali

GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi apparatus, is closely

related to the endoplasmic
reticulum. It has membranes
similar to those of the a granular
It is usually composed of four or
more stacked layers of thin, fl at,
enclosed vesicles lying near one
side of the nucleus.
Dr. Sabahat Ali

THE GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTION
 The Golgi apparatus functions in

association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
 small "transport vesicles” (also called
endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, or ER
vesicles) continually pinch off from the
endoplasmic reticulum and shortly
thereafter fuse with the Golgi apparatus.
 In this way, substances entrapped in the ER
vesicles are transported from the
endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi
apparatus.
 The transported substances are then
processed in the Golgi apparatus to form
lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other
cytoplasmic components.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes, are vesicular organelles

that form by breaking off from the
Golgi apparatus and then dispersing
throughout the cytoplasm.
The lysosomes provide an
intracellular digestive system that
allows the cell to digest
(1) damaged cellular structures,
(2) food particles that have been
ingested by the cell,
(3) unwanted matter such as
bacteria.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
MITOCHONDRIA
The mitochondria, are called the “powerhouses” of the cell.

Without them, cells would be unable to extract enough
energy from the nutrients, and essentially all cellular
functions would cease.
Mitochondria are present in all areas of each cell’s
cytoplasm, but the total number per cell varies from less
than a hundred up to several thousand, depending on the
amount of energy required by the cell.
Further, the mitochondria are concentrated in those
portions of the cell that are responsible for the major share
of its energy metabolism.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
The basic structure of the
mitochondrion, is composed mainly
of two lipid bilayer–protein
membranes: an outer membrane
and an inner membrane.
Many in folding of the inner
membrane form shelves onto which
oxidative enzymes are attached.
In addition, the inner cavity of the
mitochondrion is fi lled with a matrix
that contains large quantities of
dissolved enzymes that are
necessary for extracting energy
from nutrients. Dr. Sabahat Ali
These enzymes operate in association with the oxidative enzymes
on the shelves to cause oxidation of the nutrients, thereby forming
carbon dioxide and water and at the same time releasing energy.
The liberated energy is used to synthesize a “high-energy”
substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is then transported out of the mitochondrion, and it diff uses
throughout the cell to release its own energy wherever it is
needed for performing cellular functions.
Mitochondria are self-replicative, which means that one
mitochondrion can form a second one, a third one, and so on,
whenever there is a need in the cell for increased amounts of ATP.
Indeed, the mitochondria contain DNA similar to that found in the
cell nucleus. Dr. Sabahat Ali
NUCLEUS
The nucleus is the control center of the cell. Briefl y,

the nucleus contains large quantities of DNA, which
are the genes.
The genes determine the characteristics of the cell’s
proteins, including the structural proteins, as well as
the intracellular enzymes that control cytoplasmic and
nuclear activities.
The genes also control and promote reproduction of
the cell itself.
The genes fi rst reproduce to give two identical sets of
genes; then the cell splits by a special process called
Dr. Sabahat Ali
Dr. Sabahat Ali
CELL DIVISION
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into

two daughter cells.
 Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in
which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before
dividing.
The three main functions of cell division are reproduction,
growth and gamete formation.
Mitosis is required for asexual reproduction, growth, repair and
regeneration.
It is a reduction division is a special type of cell division of germ
cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the
gametes, such as sperm or egg cells.
Dr. Sabahat Ali
CELL DIVISION
Dr. Sabahat Ali

cell organelles

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cell organelles

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CELL

The cytoplasm is fi lled with both minute

A network of tubular and fl at vesicular

Part of the endoplasmic

Dr. Sabahat Ali

The Golgi apparatus, is closely

Dr. Sabahat Ali

 The Golgi apparatus functions in

Lysosomes, are vesicular organelles

The mitochondria, are called the “powerhouses” of the cell.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell. Briefl y,

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into

Dr. Sabahat Ali

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