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LIGHT
- It is a form of energy that enables us to see.

- Light always travels in straight line.

- Light makes shadow. Without light Shadow is not possible.

- Light has the maximum speed in this world. Its value is 3x108
m/s.

Reflection

Coming back of light rays to the same medium when they

fall on a surface.

Laws of Reflection

1) Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

2) Incident ray, normal at the point of incidence

are reflected ray all lie in the same plane.

Norm
al
 Types of
Images

Real Image Virtual Image

1) Real images are inverted 1) Virtual images are

Erect (Straight)

2) A real image is formed 2) A virtual image is

by Convex lens and formed by Plane Mirror
Concave Mirror and Convex Mirror,
Concave Lens

3) These are formed 3) These are not formed

on Screen on Screen

4) These are formed due to 4) These are formed due

actual intersection of to imaginary
rays intersection of rays.

5) Example -
5) Example -
 Types of Mirrors

1) Plane Mirror

- Object and Image are at equal distance from Plane

Mirror.

- If object is real, then image will be virtual and vice

versa.

- Size of image is equal to size of object.

Lateral Inversion – The right side of the object appears

left side of the image and vice-versa.

Uses - Looking Glass, Periscope, Kaleidoscope

etc.

Looking Kaleidoscop
Mirror e
2) Spherical Mirror

- Whose reflecting surfaces are

spherical.

a) Radius of Curvature (R) - Distance between Pole and

the Centre of Curvature.

b) Centre of Curvature (C) - Centre of that imaginary

sphere of which, mirror is part.

c) Pole (P) – It is the mid-point of its reflecting surface.

d) Principal Axis – Line joining Pole and Centre of

Curvature.

e) Focus (F) – Point on principal axis where all the parallel

light rays actually meet or appear to meet after
reflection.

f) Aperture – Effective diameter of the spherical mirror.

g) Focal Length (f) – Distance between Pole and the

Focus.
 Centre of Curvature
Focal Length =
2

Types of Spherical Mirrors -

Concave Convex
Mirror Mirror

RAY DIAGRAMS

Some Rules –

1) A ray parallel to principal axis, will pass through the

Focus after reflection.
2) A ray passing through principal focus of concave mirror
will emerge parallel to principal axis after reflection.

3) Ray passing through Center of Curvature of a Concave

mirror gets reflected back in same path.

4) The Incident and Reflected rays make equal angles

with Principal Axis.
 CONCAVE MIRROR

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Very
Small

2) Object placed behind Center of

Curvature

Image
Position – Between ‘F’ and
‘C’ Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Small
3) Object placed at Centre of
Curvature

Image
Position – At ‘C’
Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Same
Size

4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of

Curvature

Image
Position – Beyond
‘C’ Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Big
Size
5) Object placed at
Focus

Image
Position – At Infinity
Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Very
Big Size

6) Object placed between Focus and

Pole

Image
Position – Behind
Mirror Nature –
Virtual, Erect Size –
Big Size
 Position of Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At Infinity At the focus F Very Small Real and Inverted

Beyond C Between F and C Small Real and Inverted

At C At C Same Size Real and Inverted

Between C and F Beyond C Big Real and Inverted

At F At Infinity Very Big Real and Inverted

Between F and P Behind mirror Big Virtual and Erect

Uses of Concave Mirror –

1) Shaving mirror, torch, dentists, solar

furnace

Dentists using Concave Solar

Mirror Furnace
 CONVEX MIRROR

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Virtual,
Erect Size – Very
Small Size

2) Object placed between Infinity and

Pole

Image
Position – Between ‘P’ and
‘F’ Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Small Size

There are only two possible positions for

Object
 Position of Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At the focus F,
At Infinity Very Small Virtual and Erect
Behind the
mirror

Between Between P and Small Virtual and Erect

Infinity F, Behind the
and Pole mirror

Uses of Convex Mirror -

1) Rear view mirrors in vehicles because they always

give an erect image and have wider field of view as
they are curved outward.

2) Big convex mirrors used in front of Schools,

Buildings, Shops.

Convex Mirror in front of Car

School Mirror
Sign Convention

1) Object is placed to the left of mirror.

2) All distances parallel to principal axis are measured from

pole of the mirror.

3) Pole is origin.

4) Principal axis is x-axis.

- Object Distance = ‘u’ is always

negative.
- Focal Length of concave mirror =
Negative.
- Focal Length of convex mirror =
Positive.
 Mirror Formula

1
= +
f v u

f Focal length
v Image
distance u
Object distance

hi -
m= =
Magnification
v
It is the ratio of the ho
h
height
i height of Image
of image to
the height
h o
of of
height u
object.
Object

If
m=- Image will be Real and Inverted
ve m = Image will be Virtual and
Erect(Straight)
+ ve
 REFRACTION

Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one

medium to another medium is called Refraction of Light.

1) When light ray goes 2) When light rays go

from denser to rarer from rarer to denser
medium it bends medium it bends
away from normal. towards the normal.

Cause of Refraction?
As we know speed of light is different in different media,
i.e. more in rarer medium and comparatively less in denser
medium. So, when light enters a denser medium, its speed
reduces and it bends towards the normal and when it
enters rarer medium, its speed increases and it bends
away from the normal
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass
Slab :-
 i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of
Refraction e = Angle
of Emergence

 Angle of
incidence =
Angle of
Emergence, ∠i =
∠e

 If the incident ray falls normally to the surface of

glass slab, then there is no bending of ray of
light ; i.e. it goes straight.

Laws of Refraction

1) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the
interface of two transparent media at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.

2) Snell’s Law - The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to

sin i [ “μ” is refractive
the sinsine=of
μ angle
= of refraction is constant, for index
a light
]
of given color and for a given pair of media.
rconstant

Refractive
- It is Index
expressed as :

- The extent of change in direction that takes place in a

given pair of media is expressed in terms of refractive
index.
- represents refractive index of medium 2 with respect
1μ
to 2medium 1, when light is going from medium 1 to
medium 2.
μ2 Sin
1μ2 = =Sin r
i μ
1

 The refractive index of a medium with respect to

vacuum is called Absolute refractive index of medium.

For Glass/ Water pair –

aμg
wμg =

aμw
 If question is related to
speed:

Speed of light in vaccum/air

μ=

c Speed of light in
=
Medium v

For e.g.,

velocity of light in air

a μg = =

c velocity of light in glass

vg
.

or
Spherical Lens

A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which

both surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.

Convex Concave Lens

Lens

a) Centre of Curvature (C) – A lens has two spherical

surfaces. Each surface forms a part a part of a sphere.
The center of these spheres are called Centre of
curvature. [ ऊपर C1 & C2 ] [ or 2F1 & 2F2 ]

b) Principal Axis – An imaginary straight line passing

through the two centers of curvature of a lens is called
its Principal Axis.

c) Optical Centre (O) – Central Point of a lens is called

optical center.

d) Aperture - Effective diameter of the circular outline of

a spherical lens is called its aperture.
 e) Principal Focus (F) - The point where the rays
parallel to principal axis after refraction meet is
called principal focus. A lens has two principal foci.

f) Focal Length (f) - The distance of principal focus

from optical center.

Focal Focal
Point Point

Focal Focal
Length Length

RAY DIAGRAMS

Some Rules –

1) Rays which are parallel to principal axis, after refraction

will pass through principal focus in case of convex lens
and will appear to be coming from principal axis in case
of concave lens.
2) Ray passing through the focus will emerge
parallel to principal axis.

3) Ray directed to Optical Centre will emerge out

undeviated.

CONVEX LENS

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Very
Small
 Burning Paper using Convex िजनक� पास क� नज़र कमजोर है �सफर् उन्हkं
Lens के चश्मे से होगा ये क्य�fक उनके चश्मे म�
हk Convex Lens होता है

2) Object placed behind Center of

Curvature

Image
Position – Between ‘F’ and
‘C’ Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Small

3) Object placed at Centre of

Curvature

Image
Position – At ‘C’
Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Same
Size
4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of
Curvature

Image
Position – Beyond
‘C’ Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Big
Size

5) Object placed at
Focus

Image
Position – At Infinity
Nature – Real,
Inverted Size – Very
Big Size
 6) Object placed between Focus and
Pole

Image
Position – Behind
Mirror Nature –
Virtual, Erect Size –
Big Size

Position of Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

Object

At Infinity At F2
Very Small Real and Inverted

Beyond 2F1 Between 2F2 and F2

Small Real and Inverted

Between 2F1 and F1 Beyond 2F2

Big Real and Inverted

At F1 At Infinity Very Big Real and Inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2
Same Size Real and Inverted

On Same side of
Between F1 and O the Object
Big Virtual and Erect
Uses of Convex Lens –

1) Used for making Microscopes, Magnifying

glasses

Microscopes Magnifying
Glass

2) Used for making Specs and

Cameras

िजनक� Magnifying
पास क� नज़र कमजोर Used
Used in
in making
making Camera
Camera
Glasses Lens
Lens
होती है उनक� चश्मा(Specs) म�
Convex Lens होता है
 CONCAVE LENS

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Virtual,
Erect Size – Very
Small Size

2) Object placed between Infinity and

Pole

Image
Position – Between ‘P’ and
‘F’ Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Small Size

There are only two possible positions for

Object
 Position of Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At Infinity At the focus (F1)

Very Small Virtual and Erect

Between Between Focus (F1) and

Small Virtual and Erect
Infinity and Optical Center (O)
Optical Center

Uses of Concave Lens -

1) Used for making Specs, Lasers,

Cameras

Laser
िजनक� दूर क� नज़र कमजोर Light
होती है उनक� चश्मा(Specs)
म� Concave Lens होता है
Sign Convention

1) Sign conventions are same like mirrors, now the

measurements are taken from Optical Center instead of
Pole.

2) Focal Length of Convex Lens = Positive (+)

3) Focal Length of Concave Lens = Negative (-)

Lens Formula

1 1 1
= -
f v u

f Focal length

v Image
distance u
Object distance

Magnification
hi
m =ho =
v u

hi height of Image
ho height of
Object
If
m=- Image will be Real and Inverted
ve m = Image will be Virtual and
Erect(Straight)
+ ve

POWER OF LENS (P)

Ability of a lens to converge or diverge light rays is called

power (P) of the lens.

P=
1 f
f Focal length in meter

- SI Unit D (called Dioptre = m-1)

- Power of Convex Lens is (+ve) because focal length of

Convex Lens is also +ve

- Power of Concave Lens is (-ve) because focal length of

Concave Lens is also -ve

- Power of a lens combination

P = P1 + P2 +
P3
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