Physics of Medical

Imaging
Part 2
Syahril Siregar, Ph.D.
Plan from Mid-Semester to Final
Weeks

Regulation related to
Magnetic Resonance
MRI for medical Review Radioactivity
Imaging (MRI)
physicist

Nuclear Medicine Ultrasonography

Imaging Technique • Doppler USG
• Positron Emision Regulation Related to
Tomography Nuclear Medicine
• Single-photon emission
computed tomography
(SPECT)
 50% Pak Evan + 50%
Syahril

Grading
Syahril
30% Tugas
Kelompok
10% PR 10% UAS
• Makalah Tiap Topik
• Presentasi Tiap Topik
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Syahril Siregar, Ph.D.
 Introduction

Today’s
Talk
MRI Overview

Physics of MRI
 Biomedical Imaging Modalities
Radiographic
• Transmission of X-ray through the body
Imaging • Detection of X-rays on the opposite side of the body

(C-ray, CT)
Nuclear Medicine • Injection radiotracers in the bloodstream of the body
• Detection of Gamma Rays Emitted from radiotracers within the
(Planar Scintigraphy, body
SPECT, PET)

• Transmission Ultrasound waves toward the body

Ultrasound • Detection of reflected ultrasonic waves from the body

Magnetic • Placing the body in a strong magnetic field to cause spin system to
precess
Resonance • Trasmitting radio frequency energy to the body (magnetic
Resonance)
Imaging (MRI) • Receiving Radio frequency induced in the body)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Overview of Medical Diagnostics
• Ultrasound, MRI (completely non-invasive)
Non-invasive • X-ray,CT, PET, SPECT (Radiation Exposure,
non-invasive)

• CT, PET, SPECT, USG, MRI

Tomographics • Rontgen, planar Scintigraphy (projection
Imaging imaging)

Physiology,
Metabolism, and • SPECT, PET, Diffusion MRI, fMRI
Function
Resonance
 MRI in Comparison with other
modalities
• High Spatial Resolution
• High Soft Tissue Contrast
• Tomographic Imaging
• Scan Along any direction
• Non-invasive
• Integration of many different imaging modalities (anatomy
Physiology, Metabolism, Function, etc)

Adapted from Sung-Hong Park Course

MRI in Comparison with other modalities
(con’t)

• Pulse Sequence (PS): time

squencing of currents in RF coils
and gradient coils
• Manipulation of PS provides
various information of our body
beyond anatomy
• Physiological and Functional
Imaging
• Ex: Perfussion, Diffusion Tensor
Imaging, Functional MRI
• Fastest Growing Imaging Modality
in Recent years
 Checkpoint!
• MRI and Ultrasound are non-invasive Medical
Imaging Tools
• MRI can make images with many different
contrast
• MRI can provide anatomical, physiological, and
functional information of our body in one single
imaging system
• MRI generates only small amount of ionizing
radiation
History of MRI
• 1882 Nikola Tesla discovered the Rotating Magnetic
Field, a fundamental discovery in physics.
 History of MRI
Isidor Isaac Rabi • 1938 Nuclear magnetic resonance was first
described and measured in molecular beams
(Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944)

• 1946 Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch

independently found a way to study the
Felix Bloch Edward
Purcell magnetic resonance properties of atoms and
molecules in solids and liquids, instead of
individual atoms or molecules as in Rabi’s
molecular beam method. (Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1952)
 • 1971, Dr. Raymond Damadian’ concluded
that since cancerous tissue contained more
Full Body Scanner MRI
water than healthy tissue, it could be
detected by scanners that bathed a part of
the human body in radio waves and
measured the emissions from the local
hydrogen atoms.

• 1973 Dr. Raymond Damadian’ First MRI

Exam on a live human patient
 Full Body Scanner MRI Credit
• 1977 British physicist Peter
Mansfield developed a
mathematical technique that
would allow NMR scans to take
seconds rather than hours and
produce clearer images than the
technique Paul Lauterbur
developed in 1973.

• 2003 Paul Christian Lauterbur

shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine with Peter Mansfield
Peter Mansfield – the first person to successfully scan Dr. Raymond Damadian never received Nobel
a human body part why?
 Raymond Damadian’s ‘Apparatus and
method for detecting cancer in tissue’

First ever human head image using MRI at 0.1 T from EMI Central
US patent 3789832 filed 17 March 1972, issued 5 February 1974. Research Laboratories. For this image CT type ‘back projection’
Image from the US Patent and Trademark Office. was used. Courtesy of Ian Young.
 MRI Signal Sources
• What is the main signal source?
• Protons (1H)
• Why Protons?
• 70% of body consist of water Spin angular momentum

• Protons behave like a tiny magnets

• What other Nuclei can be used for MRI?
• 13C, 19F, 17O, 31P,
• Others with odd atomic numbers
Physics of MRI

Nuclear
Spin and Magnetics
Angular Resonance NMR Imaging
Momentum? (NMR)
Spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic Fields
Nuclei are positively charged and spin on an axis; they
create a tiny magnetic field

Protons behave like a tiny magnets

Spin angular momentum

a) Normally the nuclear magnetic fields are randomly oriented
b) When placed in an external magnetic field (Bo), the nuclear
magnetic field can either be aligned with the external
magnetic or oppose the external magnetic field
• The energy difference between aligned and opposed to
the external magnetic field (B0) is generally small and is
dependant upon B0

Applied EM radiation (radio waves) causes the spin to flip and the nuclei are said to be
in resonance with B0
 Larmor Frequency

Sir Joseph Larmor

(11 July 1857 – 19 May 1942)

The frequency of hydrogen nuclei

precession is known as the Larmor
frequency (ω0), where ϒ is the Can be Explained Using Bloch
gyromagnetic ratio (42.5 MHz/ T) and B0 is Theorem
 1. Radiofrequnecy (RF) Pulse
Implementation
MRI Principle • At the frequency
corresponding to the Larmor
frequency of the nuclei
• The RF energy causes the
nuclei to absorb energy,
disrupting their alignment and
leading to a state of
disorientation.

2. Stopping the RF Pulse.

• The nuclei begin to relax and
return to their original
alignment with the magnetic
field. This step is crucial in
the MRI process, as it
initiates the relaxation
MRI Principle 3. Two Processes Are Created
• Two types of relaxation
processes that occur

• T 1​ describes the recovery

of longitudinal magnetization
as the nuclei transfer energy
to their surrounding
environment (lattice).
• T 2​ describes the decay of
transverse magnetization
due to loss of coherence
among the spins of the
nuclei.
T1 and T2
3 Major Components of MRI

• Magnet
• RF Coil
• Gradient Coil
 MRI Magnet

• Function
• Causes proton spins to rotate (precess) at a
frequency proportional to the magnetic field 
Resonance Frequency
• Remember Larmor Frequency

• How Strong
• Magnetic Field strength of earth in average is 0.5
gauss
• 1 Tesla = 10 000 Gauss
MRI Magnet
• Superconducting Magnet
• Can Achieve High Magnetic Field
• High Maintenance Cost
• Widely available in Hospital
• Superconductor need to be in low
temperature

• Permanent Magnet
• Limited to 1 T
• No maintenance cost
 Difficulty in making the
magnetic field uniform
MRI Magnet
(Why are Helium for maintaining
MRI scans so superconducting magnet is
Expensive) expensive
High Maintenance Cost
Axial view of the human brain, with the same
acquisition time but different magnetic field strengths

https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/11-7-
tesla-first-images-world-most-powerful-mri-
 Radio Frequency (RF) Coil

Transmission (TX)
Coil

Reception (RX)
Coil

Can be two separate Coils or can be only one coil for

different purposes
Transmission (TX) Coil
• Only proton spins that have the same frequency as the
frequency in the transmission coil will receive energy
and get excitef, which called Magnetic Resonance
Reception
(RX) Coil
• When the
transmission RF
energy is off, MR
signal will be induced
and detecable in the
receiver RF coil.
Gradient Coils for spatial
Information
• In other imaging modalities position of detector is used
to obtain spatial information

• In MRI, to get spatial information

• Gradient Coils
Gradient Coils for
spatial Information
• In MRI, to get spatial information
• Gradient Coils

• The main magnetic fields are along the z

directoion
• X and Y gradient coil are to modulate the
main magnetic field strength along X and Y.
But not to generate any fields along X or Y
Tugas Kelompok
• Buat kelompok berisi 4-5 orang. Lalu diskusikan dan
buat presentasi kurang lebih 10 menit. Dan 5 soal!
1. Diskusikan tentang T1, T2, T2*, T1rho dan Difused-
Weighted Imaging
2. Diskusikan MRI Safety
3. Aplikasi MRI pada Parkinson
4. Aplikasi MRI pada Alzheimer
5. Aplikasi MRI pada Kanker
Tugas Mandiri 1
• Jelaskan Fungsi RF-coil dan Gradient Coil! Dalam 1
halaman A4