NATURAL WATER

PURIFYING
TECHNIQUES USED
IN CHHATTISGARH
 WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
• Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies,
usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses. Water
bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water
pollution results when contaminants are introduced into these water bodies.
Water pollution can be attributed to one of four sources: sewage discharges,
industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff
including streamwater It can be grouped into surface water pollution (either fresh
water pollution or marine pollution) or groundwater pollution. For example,
releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural waters can lead
to degradation of these aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution can also lead
to water-borne diseases for people using polluted water for drinking, bathing,
washing or irrigation. Water pollution reduces the ability of the body of water to
provide the ecosystem services (such as drinking water) that it would otherwise
provide.
 WHAT IS THE NEED FOR WATER
CONSERVATION AND PURIFICATION?
• Conservation of water: Water covers three-quarters of our world, but
only a tiny portion of it is drinkable, as we all know. As a result, it must be
protected. Freshwater, which we can utilise for our daily needs and
drinking, makes up only around 3% of the water on our planet. In our
daily lives, we use water carelessly for washing, bathing, cleaning, and a
range of other activities. Conservation of Water is very important for all
living things.
• It is only our responsibility to ensure an adequate water supply for future
generations and practice the motto of save water save life before it is too
late. Given how limited our freshwater supplies are on our planet, we
have to do this regularly. It is only our obligation to ensure that future
generations have access to sufficient water.
 WHAT IS WATER
CONSERVATION?
• Conservation of Water refers to preserving, controlling and developing
water resources, both surface water and groundwater, and preventing
water pollution. Water conservation is known as using water efficiently to
reduce unnecessary water usage and avoid its wastage. We should
understand the importance of water, figure out ways to save water, ways
to conserve water and treat it as an asset to our planet.
 WATER RESOURCES OF CHHATTISGARH
• River Basins and Rivers
• The State of Chhattisgarh is divided into five river basins -- The Mahanadi Basin drains out 77,302 Sq km, Godavari Basin drains
out 38,361 Sq km, Ganga Basin drains out 18,865 Sq km, Brahmani Basin drains out 1,316 Sq km and Narmada Basin drains out
2113 Sq km of catchment area in the state. A map depicting the river basins is given below.
• Three of these are further divided into sub-basins as given below:
• Mahanadi Basin -- Seonath sub basin, Hasdeo sub basin, Mand sub basin, Ib sub basin, Pairi sub basin, Jonk sub basin, Kelo sub
basin, and Tel sub basin;
• Godavari Basin -- Indravati sub basin, Sabari sub basin, Pranhita sub basin, Lower Godavari sub basin, and Wainganga sub
basin;
• Ganga Basin -- Son sub basin, Banas sub basin, Gopad sub basin, Rihand sub basin, and Kanhar sub basin.
• River Mahanadi, draining the vast central region of Chhattisgarh state, forms the most important and biggest water body of the
state. This river system collects almost all the rainwater of the basin and carries it to the Bay of Bengal. The volume of water
varies considerably between the rainy and the dry season. The Mahanadi, after collecting a number of streams in the Kanker
tehsil, flows towards the north traversing Raipur district in a northeast direction for about 204 Kms, until it is met from the west
by its biggest tributary, the Seonath. The portion of Mahanadi Basin located in Chhattisgarh is divided further into a few more
basins. The Chhattisgarh Basin lies in the central districts, in the north are the Raigarh basin, Hasdo- Rampur basin, and the
Korba, and in the south is the Kanker basin. The Chhattisgarh Basin formed by the Mahanadi and its main tributary Seonath,
drains the central districts of Rajnandgaon, Durg, Raipur, and southern Bilaspur, and is the most extensive and agriculturally
rich region in the state. It is referred to as the `rice bowl' of the country and supports a large chunk of the population of the
state. Paradoxically, this is also the area of greatest drought related distress.
 • Hydrogeology and Groundwater
• Chhattisgarh is endowed with high rainfall. Areas of chronic shortfall are few and localized. The rainfall is typically late
in coming, very heavy when it comes, concentrated in a few days and bouts, and early in termination. This rainfall
pattern combines with high gradients, hard rock sub-surface characteristic, and low percolation to result in massive
and rapid run-off of rainwater. The main water bearing formations are the sandstones of the Gondwana formation. The
alluvium formations of the river basins of Mahanadi, Shivnath, Arpa, Indravati etc. are also potential. The cavities and
weathered portions of limestone and dolomitic formation are also very good for ground water storage in the
Chhattisgarh region.
• Irrigation
At the time of formation of the State sources the irrigation potential of 13.28 lakh hectares, which was 23 percent of
the total sown area. Estimates show that 43 lakh hectares can be brought under irrigation, 33.8 lakh by surface
sources, and 9.2 lakhs from ground water sources. After the formation of the state, priority was given by the
government to raise the average to 48.9 percent. In the year 2008-09 the development of water resources and
enhancement of irrigation potential was accorded highest priority. In 2011-12 the irrigation potential was increased to
cover an additional 0.35 lakh hectares. Till March 2012 a further 5.16 lakh hectares were added taking the total
irrigated potential to 18.44 lakh which comprises 33.15 percent of the total sown area. As of March 2012,the
construction of 8major, 33 medium and 2347minor projects had been completed in the state and 3major, 6 medium
and 412 minor irrigation projects were under construction. Likewise, up to the year 2011-12, through 26
departmental/governmental tube well projects, comprising of 1134 tube wells, an irrigation potential of 25500 ha were
created, and through private tube wells under beneficiary oriented schemes, 598 successful wells helped create an
irrigation potential of 2990 ha for the year 2011-12.
 NATURAL PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
USED IN STATE OF CHHATTISGARH
1ST CLAY POT FILTER
• The water coverage area of Chhattisgarh according to Government
survey is about 95%. But due to raising problem of pollution and lack of
care, the quality of water is getting down and has become difficult to
access pure water which is drinkable as well as cost effective. Traditional
Matka (Clay Pot) filter is many times used in Chhattisgarh to solve this
problem. Matka filter has been programmed successively in Bihar, India.
For generations, earthen pots or Matka have been used to store water
and keep it Cool. Water stored in Matka is cooled at about 10?C and 14?C
and is said to have a refreshing flavour, makes it ideal for drinking. A
different layer of physical particles as media (coal, sand, pebble, lime) in
definite thickness of layer is
• considered in this study. Matka is a pot made by mixture of clay and sand.
We considered water from different sources for comparison before and
after filtration in terms of quality. It is possible to substitute the electronic
purifier with Matka filter because of cost effective, easy to maintenance
(does not require skilled person) in rural as well as urban area which is
affected by ground water contamination. This convenient and handy filter
successfully filter water from all the sources i.e., bore, tap and pond
water. Now we are looking at improved service and improved quality of
water. There has been a huge improvement from the last three decades,
when the government started giving priority to drinking water and
sanitation.
 2ND TEMPLE TANKS
• Temple tanks are wells or reservoirs built as part of the temple complex
near Indian temples. They are called pushkarini, kalyani, kunda,
sarovara, tirtha, talab, pukhuri, ambalakkuḷam, etc. in different languages
and regions of India. Some tanks are said to cure various diseases and
maladies when bathed in.[1] It is possible that these are cultural remnants
of structures such as the Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro or Dholavira,[2]
which was part of the Indus Valley civilization. Some are stepwells with
many steps at the sides.
• Tank design
• Since ancient times, the design of water storage has been important in
India's temple architecture, especially in western India where dry and
monsoon seasons alternate. Temple tank design became an art form in
itself.[3] An example of the art of tank design is the large, geometrically
spectacular Stepped Tank at the Royal Center at the ruins of Vijayanagara
, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, surrounding the modern town of
Hampi. It is lined with green diorite and has no drain. It was filled by
aqueduct.[4]
• The tanks are used for ritual cleansing and during rites of consecration.
The water in the tank is deemed to be sacred water from the
Ganges River.[5]
 THANK YOU
SHAILAJ GOYAL
CLASS:10TH
ROLL NO. 31
SUBJECT : SS VACATION HOMEWORK
SUBJECT TEACHER:MRS BINDU PARIHAR