COMPUTER STUDIES

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS TWO

WEEKS content
1 REVISION / CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
2 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4 SOFTWARE
5 PEOPLE WARE
6 OPERATING SYSTEM
7-8 NUMBER BASES
9 CONVERSION OF NUMBER BASES
10 UNITS OF STORAGE IN COMPUTER
11 REVISION
12 EXAMINATION
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

Week One
 Classification by size
The following computers are classified by their size
Micro Computer
Mini Computer
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer
Micro computer
Also personal computer (PC) uses a single microprocessor

mounted with memory chips as its central processing units

(CPU) .examples of microcomputer are desktop computer,
laptops and palmtops.
Mini computer
They are larger than the micro computer in size and in

storage capacity. They are stand-alone computers used by

business and enterprises for department- level operation.
Mainframe
They are the largest in range of computers. They are also

large in storage capacity. They have multiple chips and can

handle large amount of processing and allow many users
at a time.
They make use of the magnetic tape and disk mass data

storage purpose
Super computer
This performs at a speed which is far above that of other

computers
They are sophisticated and powerful .they perform highly

complex and time consuming computation faster and

speed .
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

By degree of versatility
General purpose computer
These are computer designed to perform in a reasonable

efficient manner ,the functions required both scientific and

business application. They are capable of handling variety
of tasks.
Example of the general purpose computer
The micro computer
Special purpose computer
They are computers designed from the scratch to perform

a specific function .
Examples
The ultrasound machine.

The X-ray generator.

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
WEEK 2
Definition of Computer

Computer is an electronic device that has the capability to

accept data through the keyboard, process it on the system unit
and produce meaningful information on the monitor or printer
with the aid of a stored program.

Computer can be refer to as Information processor.

Computer as a device accept data that is being inputted into it

through the keyboard or any other input device; it then takes

the data for processing and displays the result in the form of
information
Therefore ,in a computer system ,there are three subsystems and
they are
Input

Processing

Output
Whatever that is being entered into the computer as input
determine the output .

This brings us to a term in computer ;

Garbage in, Garbage out (GIGO)

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
There are three components of a computer system which
will determine the performance of the computer. They are
Hardware

Software

People-ware
THE HARDWARE COMPONENTS

WEEK 3
Definition
The hardware components is the physical parts of the
computer which can be touched and seen. The computer
hardware is responsible for performing four basic
functions.:-
Input
Processing
Output
storage
The hardware also includes
The CPU which comprises of the ALU, control unit and the
memory unit
Input devices
Output devices
The central processing unit (CPU)
It is solely responsible for the processing of data and

instructions in the computer system.it encompasses the

following
Arithmetic And Logic Unit –
Which handles arithmetic and logical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.
Control Unit –
This controls all other parts ,components of the system by
issuing instructions In form of signals.
Memory Unit-
stores data and instructions that is about to be processed.
There are 2 major types of storage
 a. PRIMARY STORAGE

The primary storage is divided into the following

ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM
I. ROM(Read only memory):- once this memory is
programmed ,it can not be re-written.it contains the Boot
record
RAM
RAM(Random Access Memory) :- the computer can read
from this memory, store/write on it
SECONDARY STORAGE

They store information/data/programs permanently. They are

mainly used for backup. Examples are magnetic tapes/disks,
floppy disk, Compact disk, flash drive, zip drive, hard drive
etc.
Input devices
These are used to communicate with the computer. They

are devices through which data is sent into the computer

system .Examples of these devices are mouse, joystick,
digital camera, web camera, light pen, keyboard.
Scanner mouse microphone

 light pen web camera touch screen

Joystick keyboard
Output devices
These are devices that the computer uses to bring out

result o information. They are responsible for the display or

output of the processed data .
Examples of output devices are
Monitor Printer Projector

Plotter Speakers
SOFTWARE

WEEK 4
Software is the collection of computer programs,

procedures and documentation that perform different

tasks on the computer system.
The software is a program written by a programmer of

software developer.
A program is a list of instructions given to the computer to

perform a particular task.

 Types of software
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
This is a computer software designed to operate the computer
hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running
application software.
There are 2 major types of system software
a) The operating system :- it runs on the computer, manages
the computer hardware, controls and co-ordinates all
activities within the computer system. Example of operating
system is the MS windows.
2. Utility Software:-

They are system software designed to help analyze,

configure ,optimize, and maintain the computer system.

Examples of Utility software are -Antivirus, Disk

compression, ScanDisk, BackUp-utilities, Norton Utilities.
 Application Software
These are software designed to perform specific
functions. The application software is written to
solve a particular problem. Examples are
1. Word processing software :- (e.g. MS Word) it is
used to create and edit documents such as
letters, reports ,letter-head etc.
2. spreadSheeet Software :- (eg MS Excel)are used
for mathematical ,statistical ad accounting
purpose.
3. Graphical Software (e.g. Corel draw, MS Paint) :- are
used for graphic works such as drawing, Painting and
artistic images .
4. Database Management Software (e.g. MS Access)
this is used to keep records such as student’s
name ,class, age, etc.
5. Games software (e.g.. Car Race,football) :- they are
used for entertainment and relaxation purpose.
6. Presentation Software ( e.g. MS power point ) : they
are used for displaying information in slides. They are
used for educational purpose, presentation and
seminar, entertainment, teaching etc.
PEOPLE-WARE

WEEK 5
People ware can refer to anything that has to do with the role
of people in the development or use of computer software and
hardware systems.people ware can be divided into two distinct
groups such as :
Computer Professionals
Computer Users
 Computer Professionals
These are individuals who have in one way or the other
acquired formal education or training in the use of computers
e.g.
Computer Managers
Computer Programmers/software Developers
Computer operators
Computer Engineers
System Analyst
Software Engineers
Database Administrators.
Computer Users
These are the group of people who make use of the
computer systems in discharging their day to day
activities.
We can simply say they are people who work with the
computer. These people May not have any formal training
in computer but can engage the services of some
computer professionals
OPERATING SYSTEM

WEEK 6
Definition
An operating system (OS) is system software
that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for
computer programs. The operating system is a
component of the system software in a
computer system. Application programs usually
require an operating system to function.
 Examples of operating system
MS-DOS-(Micro soft disk operating system) a simgle user OS
Mac OS
IBM OS/2 Warp
Unix and Variants
Windows CE
Windows 3.x
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 98 SE
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 8.1
Novell Netware -a multi-user operating System
Functions of the operating system
1. . Resource allocation- it allocate recourses such as CPU

time, main memory, secondary storage, input, and output

device.
System Monitoring -it monitors jobs submitted for execution to

ensure efficient processing

Input/output-it co-ordinates different input and output devices

Memory management-
File management-it help in storage, changing and modification

of files.
Interpretation of commands and instructions
Co-ordination of compilers, assemblers, utility programs, and

other software
Facilitate easy communication between the computer system

and the computer operator(human).

NUMBER BASES

WEEK 7/8
INTRODUCTION
Representation of data in the computer make use of
number system.
When the data and instruction is entered into the
computer, the computer will convert it into machine
language i.e. 0’s and 1’s which are called binary digits
Numbers Bases system
There are different number base systems. These are
Decimal Number system ( Base Ten)
Binary Number system ( Base Two)
Octal Number system ( Base Eight)
Hexadecimal Number system ( Base 16)
Terms in Number base system
Bases – the base of a number indicates the absolute values
use in the system. E.g. in Decimal there are ten absolute
values represented by 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Absolute values :- denotes whole numbers represented by
a figure e.g. 6,7,8,4,5 etc.
These are values assigned to digits denoting their position.
E.g. 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Exponents
20 = 1
21 = 2
22 = 2 x 2 =4
23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
x5 * x10 = x 10 + 5 = x15
1 / x2 = x -2
Decimal Numbering systems
Base: 10
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Representation
5234
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
5 2 3 4
Binary Numbering systems
Base: 2
Digits: 0, 1
binary number: 1101012
positional powers of 2: 2 5 2 4 2 3 22 2 1 2 0
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4 2 1
binary number: 1 1 0 1 0 1
Binary to Decimal Conversion
To convert to base 10, add all the values where a one digit
occurs.
Ex: 1101012
positional powers of 2: 2 5 2 4 2 3 22 2 1 2 0
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4 2 1
binary number: 1 1 0 1 0 1
32 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 5310
Assignment :-Binary to Decimal
Conversion
1010112
positional powers of 2: 25 24 2 3 22 2 1 2 0
decimal positional value:
binary number:
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Ex: 1010112
positional powers of 2: 2 5 2 4 2 3 22 2 1 2 0
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4 2 1
binary number: 1 0 1 0 1 1
32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 4310
Decimal to Binary Conversion
The Division Method. Divide by 2 until you reach zero, and then
collect the remainders in reverse.
Ex 1: 5610 = 1110002
2 ) 56 Rem:
2 ) 28 0
2 ) 14 0
2) 7 0
2) 3 1
2) 1 1
0 1
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Ex 2: 3510 =

2 ) Rem:
2 )
2 )
2 )
2 )
2 )
Answer: 3510 = 2
Octal Numbering systems
Base: 8
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Octal number: 12468
powers of : 84 8 3 82 81 80
decimal value: 4096 512 64 8 1
Octal number: 1 2 4 6
Octal to Decimal Conversion
To convert to base 10, beginning with the rightmost digit
multiply each nth digit by 8(n-1), and add all of the results
together.
Ex: 12468
positional powers of 8: 8 3 82 81 80
decimal positional value: 512 64 8 1
Octal number: 1 2 4 6
512 + 128 + 32 + 6 = 678 10
Assignment :-Octal to Decimal
Conversion
Ex: 103528
positional powers of 8: 84 83 82 81 80
decimal positional value:
Octal number:
Decimal to Octal Conversion
The Division Method. Divide by 8 until you reach zero, and then
collect the remainders in reverse.
Ex 1: 433010 = 103528
8 ) 4330 Rem:
8 ) 541 2
8 ) 67 5
8) 8 3
8) 1 0
0 1
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Ex 2: 81010 =

8 ) 810 Rem:
8 )
8 )
8 )

Answer: 81010 = 8
Hexadecimal Numbering systems
Base: 16
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Hexadecimal number:1F416

powers of : 164 163 162 161 160

decimal value: 65536 4096 256 16 1
Hexadecimal number: 1 F 4
Hexadecimal Numbering systems
Four-bit Group Decimal Digit Hexadecimal Digit
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E
1111 15 F
Hexa to Decimal Conversion
To convert to base 10, beginning with the rightmost digit
multiply each nth digit by 16(n-1), and add all of the results
together.
Ex: 1F416
positional powers of 16: 16 3 162 161 160
decimal positional value: 4096 256 16 1
Hexadecimal number: 1 F 4
256 + 240 + 4 = 50010
Hexa to Decimal Conversion
Ex: 7E16
positional powers of 16: 163 162 161 160
decimal positional value:
Hexa number:
Decimal to Hexa Conversion
The Division Method. Divide by 16 until you reach zero, and
then collect the remainders in reverse.
Ex 1: 12610 = 7E16
16) 126 Rem:
16) 7 14=E
0 7
Decimal to Hexa Conversion
Ex 2: 81010 =

16 ) 810 Rem:
16 )
16 )

Answer: 81010 = 16
Binary Addition & Subtraction

WEEK 9
 Addition Rules
0 + 0 = 00 ( 0 with a 0 carry )

0 + 1 = 01 ( 1 with a 0 carry )

1 + 0 = 01 ( 1 with a 0 carry )

1 + 1 = 10 ( 0 with a 1 carry )
 Addition Rules

0 1 0 1
+0 +0 +1 +1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

78
Addition Rules w/Carries

0+0+0 = 00 (0 WITH 0 CARRY)

0+0+1 = 01 (1 WITH 0 CARRY)

0+1+1 = 10 (0 WITH 1 CARRY)

1+1+1 = 11 (1 WITH 1 CARRY)

 Adding Binary Numbers

0 1 1 1 0 0 0
28  00011100
+ 43  + 00101011
71 01000111

80
 Subtraction in Binary
Rules of Binary Subtraction
0 - 0 = 0
0 - 1 = 1, and borrow 1 from the next more significant bit
1 - 0 = 1
1 - 1 = 0

81
 For example,
00100101 - 00010001 0 borrows
= 00010100 0 0 1 10 0 1 0 1 = 37(base 10)

-0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 = 17(base 10)

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 = 20(base 10)

00110011 - 00010110 0 10 1 borrows

= 00011101 0 0 1 1 0 10 1 1 = 51(base 10)

-0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 = 22(base 10)

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 = 29(base 10)
82
 Binary Multiplication
Rules of Binary Multiplication
0 x 0 = 0
0 x 1 = 0
1 x 0 = 0
1 x 1 = 1, and no carry or borrow bits

83
 For example,
00101001 × 00000110 = 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 = 41(base 10)
11110110
×0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 = 6(base 10)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 246(base 10)

00010111 × 00000011 = 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 = 23(base 10)

01000101
×0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3(base 10)

1 1 1 1 1 carries

0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 69(base 10)

84
Unit of storage in computer

WEEK 10
Definition
Computer data storage, often called storage
or memory, is a technology consisting of
computer components and recording media
used to retain digital data.
The computer memory is a storage location where data and
information are kept. The main memory Is divided into two
namely:
1. ROM (Read only memory)
2. RAM (Random Access Memory)
Computer understands "0"s and "1"s which are referred to as
binary. The "0" stand for OFF and "1" ON meaning electrically
discharged and charge state respectively.
The various unit of storage are as follows
Bit :- (binary digit)it is the smallest unit of data/information.
E.g. 11011
Nibble:- it is a unit storage that is made up of 4 bits (or half of
an octal).
Byte :-this is the smallest unit of information that can be
processed.it is an orderly collection of bits, equivalent to 2
nibbles or 8bits (11001101)
Kilobyte :- is use to measure memory space (or memory units)
1000 byte (approx.)=1 kilobyte
The following are conversion rate of unit of storage
8bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1kilobyte (thousands)
10242 bytes = 1 megabyte (millions)
10243 bytes = 1 Gigabyte (billions)
10244 Bytes = 1 terabyte (trillions)
 Word
A word is the smallest unit of information, that can be
transferred at a time. A word is made up of two bytes I.e. 4
nibbles or 16 bits
Double word
Double word

This is equivalent to 2 words which is 4 bytes (32 bits)

Quad Word

This is equivalent to 4 words I.e. 2 double words . Which is

8 bytes (64 bits).