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Network 9

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Alsmoal Khalid
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15 views8 pages

Network 9

Uploaded by

Alsmoal Khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Three Main Sources of Transmission

Errors
• All data communications systems are susceptible
to errors
– some of the problems are inherent in the
physics of the universe
– and some result either from devices that fail or
from equipment that does not meet the
engineering standards
– We need ways/mechanisms to control and
recover from such errors

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There are three main categories of transmission
errors:
 Interference:
electromagnetic radiation emitted from devices
such as electric motors can cause noise that can
disturb signals traveling across wires.
Attenuation:
As a signal passes across a medium, the
signal becomes weaker signals on wires or
optical fibers become weaker over long
distances, just as a radio signal becomes
weaker with distance.
2
Distortion:
All physical systems distort signals .As a pulse
travels along an optical fiber, the pulse disperses
Placing a wire near a large metal object can
change the set of frequencies that can pass
through the wire
Metal objects can block some frequencies of radio
waves, while passing others

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Effect of Transmission Errors on Data

4
Two Strategies for Handling Channel Errors
The techniques can be divided into two broad
categories:
Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanisms
Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) mechanisms
The basic idea of FEC is straightforward:
add additional information to data that allows a
receiver to verify that data arrives correctly and
to correct errors (if possible) The following

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The following illustrates the conceptual
organization of a forward error correction mechanism
Single Parity Checking.
Row and Column (RAC) Parity.
The 16-Bit Checksum Used in the Internet .
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRC) .

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Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) Mechanisms
Whenever one side sends a message to another,
the other side sends a short acknowledgement
(ACK) message back
For example: if A sends a message to B, B
sends an ACK back to A Once it receives an
ACK, A knows that the message arrived
correctly if no ACK is received after T time
units, A assumes the message was lost and
retransmits a copy

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ARQ is especially useful in cases of dealing
with detecting errors but not in cases for error
correction many computer networks use a CRC
to detect transmission errors
An ARQ scheme can be added to guarantee
delivery if a transmission error occurs the
receiver discards the message if an error occurs
and the sender retransmits another copy

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