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Network 8

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9 views9 pages

Network 8

Uploaded by

Alsmoal Khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer networks

Lecture 8
Errors detection and
correction
The Three Main Sources of Transmission
Errors
All data communications systems are susceptible
to errors
some of the problems are inherent in the
physics of the universe
and some result either from devices that fail or
from equipment that does not meet the
engineering standards
We need ways/mechanisms to control and
recover from such errors

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There are three main categories of transmission
errors:
 Interference:
electromagnetic radiation emitted from
devices such as electric motors can cause
noise that can disturb signals traveling
across wires.
Attenuation:
As a signal passes across a medium, the signal
becomes weaker signals on wires or optical
fibers become weaker over long distances,
just as a radio signal becomes weaker with
distance. 3
Distortion:
All physical systems distort signals .As a pulse
travels along an optical fiber, the pulse disperses
Placing a wire near a large metal object can change
the set of frequencies that can pass through the wire
Metal objects can block some frequencies of radio
waves, while passing others

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Effect of Transmission Errors on Data

5
Two Strategies for Handling Channel Errors
The techniques can be divided into two broad
categories:
 Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanisms
 Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) mechanisms
The basic idea of FEC is straightforward:
add additional information to data that allows a
receiver to verify that data arrives correctly and to
correct errors (if possible) The following 6
The following illustrates the conceptual organization
of a forward error correction mechanism:
Single Parity Checking.
Row and Column (RAC) Parity.
The 16-Bit Checksum Used in the Internet .
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRC) .

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Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) Mechanisms
Whenever one side sends a message to another, the
other side sends a short acknowledgement (ACK)
message back
 For example: if A sends a message to B, B sends
an ACK back to A Once it receives an ACK, A
knows that the message arrived correctly if no
ACK is received after T time units, A assumes
the message was lost and retransmits a copy

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ARQ is especially useful in cases of dealing with
detecting errors but not in cases for error
correction many computer networks use a CRC to
detect transmission errors
An ARQ scheme can be added to guarantee
delivery if a transmission error occurs the
1receiver discards the message if an error occurs
and the sender retransmits another copy
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