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Colour Models

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30 views60 pages

Colour Models

Uploaded by

laiba khalil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Colour

Colour
• It is defined as "an attribute of things that
results from the light they reflect, transmit, or
emit in so far as this light causes a visual
sensation that depends on its wavelengths“.
HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM
• Wavelength
• Visible Light
• Electromagnetic Energy
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum
Structure of the Eye
Theories of color
The trichromatic theory
• Thomas Young Championed by Hermann von
Helmholtz and James Clerk Maxwell in the
1800s
• It presumes that color perception is a function
of the relative stimulation of the three types of
cones (blue, green, and red).
The opponent-process theory
• Originally developed by Ewald Hering (1878)
• It states that color perception is based on a
lightness–darkness channel and two opponent
color channels: red–green and blue–yellow.
Primary Colours
• These colours are the three colours that can
not be created by mixing other colours. The
colours are red, blue and yellow.
Secondary Colours
• These colours consist of two primary colours
mixed together. The three colours secondary
colours are purple
red + blue = purple
red + yellow = orange
yellow + blue = green
Tertiary Colours
• These colours are made by mixing a primary colours
with an adjacent secondary colours.
 yellow + orange = yellow-orange
 red + orange = red-orange
 red + purple (violet) = red-purple (red-violet)
 blue + purple (violet) = blue-purple (blue-violet)
 blue + green = blue-green
 yellow + green = yellow-green
MODELS FOR SPECIFYING COLOR
Colour Models
• A COLOR MODEL is a specification of a color
coordinate system and the subset of visible
colors in this coordinate system.
The additive colour system
The
RGB
colour
model
The RGB colour model
The subtractive colour system
BGR G+R=Y

-B
BGR B+R=M

-G
BGR G

-B -R
The CMY colour model

The Relation
between RGB
and CMY

C=1-R
M=1-G
Y=1-B

Perception and Design 22


White
255,255,255
HSV colour model
HSV System - User-
oriented system,
being based on the
intuitive appeal of
the artist’s tint,
shade and tone.
The HVC colour model
• Colour (hue).
• Purity (saturation).
• Brightness (intensity).
• The HSI coordinates are derived using the RGB
colour cube with axes redefined according to
the shade of colour, the purity of colour and
the brightness of colour.
The HVC colour model (cont.)
0____________100
Value
Hue
0-360

Chroma
0__________________100
HLS colour model

HLS System - is
defined in the
double-hexcone
subset of a
cylindrical space.

Perception and Design 28


The Munsell Model
CIE is an abbreviation for the French Commission International de l’Eclairage (International
Commission on Illumination). In theory, careful color specification in the CIE model means that
anyone in the world should be able to recognize and reproduce a desired color.
TERMINOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES IN

THE PRACTICAL USE OF COLOR


Color Wheel
Color wheels are graphical
devices that allow us to see
relationships between colors.
The colors in a color wheel can
be arranged in just about any
order, but they normally
follow a general progression
of hues as taken from the
visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Psychology……..
• Red: excitement, danger, energy, courage, strength, anger
• Orange: creativity, enthusiasm, health, happiness,
encouragement, balance
• Yellow: sunshine, hope, optimism, light, positivity,
freshness
• Green: health, nature, renewal, generosity, freshness,
environment
• Blue: freedom, trust, expansiveness, dependability, faith,
inspiration
• Purple: royalty, luxury, power, pride, creativity, mystery
Color combinations
• Monochrome combinations
Complementary combinations

• Red and green


• Blue and orange
• Yellow and purple
• Yellow-green and red-purple
• Red-orange and blue-green
Analogous combinations
• Violet, blue, and teal
• Red, fuchsia, and purple
• Red, orange, and yellow
• Green, blue, and purple
Split complementary combinations
• Red, blue-green, and yellow-green
• Blue, red-orange, and yellow-orange
• Yellow, blue-purple, and red-purple
• Purple, yellow-orange, and yellow-green
Triadic color combinations
• Red, yellow, and blue
• Purple, green, and orange
• Blue-purple, red-orange, and yellow-green
Tetradic combinations
• Red, green, blue-purple, and yellow-orange
• Yellow, purple, blue-green, and red-orange
Terminologies
• Warm and Cool
• Complementary and Harmonious Colors
• Tints, Shades, and Tones
• Qualitative Color Conventions
• Quantitative Color Conventions
Qualitative Color Conventions
A color convention is a method of using a
color that is commonly used and which is
typically successful when symbolizing
certain types of map features in particular
situations.
Quantitative Color Conventions
• Sequential color scheme
• A monochromatic sequential
scheme
• part-spectral sequential color
scheme
• Rainbow color scheme
• diverging color scheme
• Theme-Oriented Color Schemes
Theme-Oriented Color Schemes

• Pink and light blue to represent girls and boys


• Red and blue to represent the Republican and
Democratic parties
• Cyan and blues to represent water-oriented
themes
• Gray tones to represent historical data
• Greens to represent “green sector” jobs
• Dark reds to represent red wine growing regions
• traffic light color scheme
Bitmap
Bit-Depth = Color-Depth

• Number of Colors = 2^(Bit-depth)


• Bit-depth is the number of bits.
– It is also called “Color resolution”.

Bit depth Color resolution Calcuation


1-bit 2 colors 2^1 = 2
2-bit 4 colors 2^2 = 4
3-bit 8 colors 2^3 = 8
4-bit 16 colors 2^4 = 16
8-bits 256 colors 2^8 = 256
16-bits 65,536 colors 2^16 = 65536
24-bits 16,777,215 colors 2^24 = 16.7
million
Patterns
• Commonly used as a qualitative area symbol
for depicting area features.
• Also used to add graphic distinctiveness to
uniformly coloured areas, especially on maps
with a large number of classes.

Perception and Design 57


Categories of patterns
• Coarse line patterns
• Dot patterns
• Pictographic patterns
• Reversed patterns

Perception and Design 58


Categories of patterns

59
Use of patterns

A simple monochrome map contrasting the use of parallel line and


dot patterns. Line patterns are perceptually unstable, and all but
the finest textures should be used with caution.

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