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Spatial Sampling

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23 views26 pages

Spatial Sampling

Uploaded by

laiba khalil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Spatial Sampling

Sampling
• Sampling means selecting the group that you
will actually collect data from in your research.
For example, if you are researching the
opinions of students in your university, you
could survey a sample of 100 students. In
statistics, sampling allows you to test a
hypothesis about the characteristics of a
population.
Probability Sampling Methods
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Clustered sampling
Non-probability Sampling Methods
• Convenience sampling
• Consecutive sampling
• Quota sampling
• Purposive or Judgmental sampling
• Snowball sampling
Sampling Size
Spatial Dimensional Sampling
• Spatial sampling techniques is to collect
samples/data in two or three dimensional
space.
One dimensional
Two Dimensional
Methods
• There are different methods to collect a sample, in this guide
we will focus and compare results between two sampling
methods:
• Spatial random sampling - randomly selecting sample points
in a study region, where each location has an equal
opportunity to be sampled.

• Spatial stratified sampling - the study region is divided into


groups a.k.a. strata by a collective characteristic of the study
region (neighborhoods, land use, etc.). Then for each strata, a
spatial random sample is collected and combined to one
sample
Point Based Spatial Sampling Scehme
Grid Genertaion
Grid sampling examples within hexagonal
grid
Random point generation examples
Random point samples on a network
Procedures of Spatial Sampling
There were many spatial sampling procedures
established for environmental studies. The two
main types;
• design based or traditional sampling
• model based or stochastic process sampling
Design Based Sampling:
traditional sampling method
random spatial fields
population values are unknown but fixed
Design based sampling method classified based on
three assumption
• sampling of independent
• identically distributed populations
• sampling considering spatial auto correlation
(spatial heterogeneity)
(a) Sampling based on iid populations:
• probability theory
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Two Step random and multistage sampling
(b) Sampling based on Spatial
autocorrelation:
Approximation is important
The sample size should be higher
Sampling Based on Spatial heterogeneity:

Spatial heterogeneity of attributes comprises


two variations:
• population variance
• population spatial auto correlation.
• Purposive sampling and spatial stratified
sampling
Model Based Sampling:
• Super population.
• compute an estimator weights of the sample
data are determined by covariance
This method has three objectives relevant to
spatial contexts:
• minimizing the error variance
• equal spatial coverage
• equal coverage in feature space.
Adaptive Sampling:
• This is also known as Progressive sampling.
• Divisions of whole study area as block,
contiguous blocks to overlapping plots.
• physical proximity will be selected as sample
plots.
• Secondary units will be included in the
sampling after selection of primary unit.
• .
Optimal Sampling:
Calculation variograms
optimal grid space for sampling
standard deviation of prediction error
Starting with largest spacing to required
Spatially balanced Sampling:
• point line and areal resources of data.
• It is generalization of spatial stratification
sampling, to select spatially well distributed
probability samples.
• Systematic sampling along with random
ordered linear structure
Geo-Spatial Sampling
Designs for variogram estimation.

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