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Chapter 22,23

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15 views8 pages

Chapter 22,23

PDIETM course material

Uploaded by

Sazad Malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Oxygen Demand

Biological Oxygen Demand


What is BOD
 BOD is the biological method used for the measurement of the total amount of dissolved
oxygen (DO) used by microbes in the biological process of metabolizing organic molecules
present in water.
 In simple words, biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required by
microorganisms to break down the organic matter present in the waterbody.
 Biochemical oxygen demand indicates the amount of organic pollution present in an aquatic
ecosystem.
 When BOD is low, the dissolved oxygen present in the water body is high. This indicates that
the water is less polluted by organic matter.
 High BOD levels are caused by high consumption of dissolved oxygen by microorganisms. It
indicates that the water is highly polluted with organic matter.
Determination of BOD
Two methods : Direct method & Dilution Method
1. Direct Method
 The usual procedure is to adjust the sample to about 20°C and aerate with diffused air
to increase or decrease the dissolved gas content of the sample to near saturation.
 Two or more BOD bottles are filled with the sample; at least one is analyzed for
dissolved oxygen immediately, and the others are incubated for 5 days at 20°C. After 5
days, the amount of dissolved oxygen remaining in the incubated samples is
determined, and the 5-day BOD is calculated by subtraction of the 5-day results from
those obtained on day 0.
Determination of BOD
2. Dilution Method
 The method is based upon determination of DO originally present in undiluted sample of sewage, and the
dissolved oxygen present in diluted sample of sewage after it is subjected to incubation at a constant
temperature of 20°C for a period of 5 days.
 dissolved oxygen originally present in undiluted sample of sewage is determined. The sample of sewage is then
suitably diluted with a specially prepared dilution water so that adequate nutrients and oxygen will be available
during the incubation period.
 Preparation dilution water : Addition of 1.0 ml each of phosphate buffer solution, magnesium sulphate solution,
calcium chloride solution and ferric chloride solution in 1.0 litre of distilled water.
 The phosphate buffer is added to maintain pH value for the biological activity, and the other salts are added to
provide nutrients necessary for the biological activity. Further the dilution water is aerated to saturate it with
oxygen before mixing it with the sample of sewage for dilution.
 Now in size of 300 ml of BOD bottle a known quantity of sample of sewage is pipetted into a BOD bottle to which
dilution water is added to completely fill the bottle.
 Another BOD bottle is filled up with only dilution water (blank). Both these bottles, one containing diluted
sample of sewage and the other containing dilution water, are incubated at a constant temperature of 20°C for a
period of 5 days.
 The dissolved oxygen present in the dilution water (blank) and in the diluted sample of sewage at the end of
incubation period is determined.
 BOD(mg/l) =
COD BOD
The amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to
by strong oxidizing chemicals under acidic condition is stabilized organic matter to decompose under aerobic
known as COD. condition is known as BOD .

In this method the oxidizing agents are responsible for This method determines the amount oxygen required to
degradation of waste in water. i.e. chemically . degrade the waste in water by microorganisms. i.e.
biologically

The demand oxygen is supplied by an oxidizing agents The demand oxygen is supplied by dissolved oxygen in
such as K2Cr2O7 . sample water.

The amount of oxygen required for both biodegradable The amount of oxygen required for biodegradable
and non-biodegradable substances are calculated. substances is calculated.

COD value is always high than BOD BOD value is always less than COD
Time required for this test is less compared to BOD test as As it involves use of microorganisms, time required for this
oxidizing agents are used instead of micro organisms. test is more compared to COD test.
Determination of COD
Chemicals required for COD determination
a. 0.25 N or 0.1 N Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
b. Concentrated H2SO4 with silver sulphate compound
c. HgSO4 (Mercury Sulphate)
d. Sulfamic acid
e. 0.25 N or 0.1 N Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS) FeSO4(NH2)2(SO4) 2
Chemical reaction
CnHaOb + dCr2O7 + (8d+c)H → nCO2 + cH2O
Procedure
Part A
a. Clean all the apparatus with tap water and distilled water
b. Fill the burette with FAS solution which has strength of 0.1 N
c. In COD flask take 10 mL 0.25 N K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 (3 times volume of K2Cr2O7, i.e. 30 mL conc.H2SO4) +
10 mL sample + 50 mg HgSO4 + 600 mg Sulfamic acid + 50 mL distilled water and add 10 to 20 glass
beads and reflux this flask for 2 hours at 140°C temperature.
Cont…..
Part B
Take blank reading for zero utilization of oxygen
a. Clean all the apparatus with tap water and distilled water
b. Fill the burette with FAS solution which has strength of 0.1 N
c. In COD flask take 10 mL 0.25 N K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 (3 times volume of K2Cr2O7, i.e. 30 mL
concentrated H2SO4) + 50 mg HgSO4 (as per concentration of chloride 500 mg/L) + 600 mg
Sulfamic acid + 50 mL distilled water and add 10 to 20 glass beads and reflux this flask for 2
hours at 140°C temperature.
After two hours remove these two flasks and cool it. After getting room temperature add 5
drops of ferroin indicator in both the flasks and titrate with FAS solution up to green colour
converts into blood red.
Suppose reading for blank is B and reading for sample is A, COD value can be calculated as
below:
COD mg/L = (𝐁 ─ 𝐀) 𝐗 𝐍 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐀𝐒 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐗 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 /𝐒𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
 The most general COD analysis uses silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) as a catalyst to increase the
Why HgSO4 and Ag2SO4 are added in COD analysis?

rate of chemical reaction and


 mercuric sulfate (HgSO4) controls interference of chloride because chloride utilizes
oxygen and converts into hypochloride and gives high COD values.
Cl2 + O + H2O → 2HOCl
For controlling of this 10 times of chloride concentration HgSO4 is added.
Self study:
Significance of COD and BOD Data

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