Web Programming

CHAPTER 5

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)

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 Web Programming
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor“
 PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
 PHP is free to download and use
 Implemented by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 using C and PERL languages.

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What is a PHP File?
 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php“

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What Can PHP Do?
 PHP can generate dynamic page content
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data

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Why PHP?
 It runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
 It is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
 It supports a wide range of databases
 It is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
 It is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
 It is very simple to learn and runs efficiently on the server side.
 It supports many databases such as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL etc.
 It is perfectly suited for Web development and can be embedded directly into the HTML code.
 It can also be used to create dynamic web pages.

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Features of PHP

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COMMON USES OF PHP
 It is used for create dynamic website.
 To Interacting with web server (Apache etc)
 To interacting with any back-end / database server e.g. MySQL
 To implement the business logical layers (one or more)
 Access Cookies variable and set cookies
 Using php you can restrict user to access specific web page
 PHP usually used to output HTML code to the browser
 It is used for send and receive E-Mails.
 It can encrypt data.
 PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read, write, and
close them.
 It can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file.
 Many others
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SOFTWARES REQUIRED FOR TO WORK WITH PHP:
1. Browser - Internet Explorer/chrome/Microsoft edge/ Mozilla/…
2. Server - Apache
3. Server side script - PHP
4. Database - MYSQL
TOOLS TO WORK WITH PHP:
5. XAMPP - Cross Apache MYSQL PHP Perl
6. WAMPP - Window Apache MYSQL PHP Perl
7. LAMPP - Linux Apache MYSQL PHP Perl
8. MAMPP - Macintosh Apache MYSQL PHP Perl

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PHP Syntax:
 PHP code is start with <?php and ends with?>
 Every PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).
 PHP code save with .php extension.
 A PHP file contains HTML tags and some PHP scripting code.
 You can place PHP code any where in your document.

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HOW TO WRITE PHP PROGRAM
1. Open an Editor(Visual Studio code, sublime text, notpad++, etc)
2. Create a New file
3. Save the file name with extension .php inside “htdocs” folder C:/XAMPP/htdocs(Ex: abc.php)
4. We need to write PHP code inside saved file
5. Ex: <?php -----------?>

<?php
echo" Hello World";
?>

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Embedding PHP within HTML:
 PHP files are plain text files with .php extension.
 Inside a HTML file you can place php script.
 Example: first.php

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PHP Execution Steps:
Step1:
 Open Mycomputer, then
 C drive, then
 Xampp, then
 Htdocs, then
 create your folder, then
 save your phptry.php file
Step2:
double click on “XAAMP CONTROL PANEL” on desktop and START “Apache”

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PHP Execution Steps:
Step3:
Type localhost on your browser and press enter: It will show the following:

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PHP Execution Steps:
Step4:
 Now type the following on browser: localhost/your folder name/
Step5:
Click on “phptry.php” and it will show the following:

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PHP echo & Print:
echo Statement:
 echo is a statement used to display the output.
 echo can be used with or without parentheses: echo(), and echo.
 echo does not return any value.
 We can pass multiple strings separated by a comma (,) in echo.
 echo is faster than the print statement
Syntax: echo (string $arg1 [, string $... ] );
Ex:
<?php
echo “Welcome to echo statement”;
?>
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PHP echo & Print:
Print Statement:
 It used as an alternative to echo to display the output.
 It can be used with or without parentheses.
 It always returns an integer value, which is 1.
 Using print, we cannot pass multiple arguments.
 print is slower than the echo statement.
 Syntax: print(string $arg)
ex:
<?php
print “Welcome to print statement”;
?>
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PHP ─ VARIABLES
 The main way to store information in the middle of a PHP program is by using a
variable.
 Here are the most important things to know about variables in PHP.
 All variables in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).
 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.
 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-hand side and the expression to be
evaluated on the right.
 Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment.
 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in advance whether it will be used
to store a number or a string of characters.
 Variables used before they are assigned have default values.
 PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to another when necessary.
 PHP variables are Perl-like.

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PHP ─ VARIABLE Naming
 Rules for naming a variable is:
 Variable names must begin with a letter or underscore character.
 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores
 But you cannot use characters like + , - , % , ( , ) . & , etc
 There is no size limit for variables.
 Example of valid variable names:
$count;
$user_name;
$_value;
$myVariable123;

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PHP ─ VARIABLE TYPES
 PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables:
 Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
 Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
 Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false.
 NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL. E.g. $my_var = NULL;
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like “PHP supports string operations”.
 Arrays: are named and indexed collections of other values.
 Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up both
other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.
 Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP
(such as database connections).
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PHP ─ VARIABLE Scope
 Scope can be defined as the range of availability a variable has to the program in
which it is declared.
 PHP variables can be one of four scope types:
 Local variables
 Global variables
 Static variables

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PHP ─ VARIABLE Scope
PHP Local Variables
 A variable declared in a function is considered local; that is, it can be referenced solely in that function.
 Any assignment outside of that function will be considered to be an entirely different variable from the
one contained in the function:
<?php
$x=4;
function assign()
{
$x=0; //local variable
print "\$x inside function is $x. "; Output: $x inside function is 0.
} $x outside of function is 4.
assignx();
print "\$x outside of function is $x. ";
?>
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PHP Global Variables
 The global variables are the variables that are declared outside the function.
 These variables can be accessed anywhere in the program.
 To access the global variable within a function, use the GLOBAL keyword before the variable.
 However, these variables can be directly accessed or used outside the function without any keyword.
 Therefore there is no need to use any keyword to access a global variable outside the function.

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PHP Static Variables
 When a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted.
 Once it completes its execution and memory is freed.
 Sometimes we need to store a variable even after completion of function execution.
 We use the static keyword before the variable to define a variable, and this variable is called as static
variable.

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PHP ─ OPERATOR TYPES
 What is Operator? Simple answer can be given using expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9.
 Here 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.
 PHP language supports following type of operators.
 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Logical (or Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Conditional (or ternary) Operators

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PHP ─ Comments:
 PHP supports two types of comments:
 Single-line comments:
These begin with // and extend to the end of the line.
 Multi-line comments:
These start with /* and end with */.
Multi-line comments can span multiple lines and are often used for documentation.
// This is a single-line comment
/* This is a multi-line comment that spans multiple lines */

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PHP- Case Sensitivity:
 The names of user-defined classes and functions, as well as built-in constructs and keywords such as
echo, while, class, etc., are case-insensitive.
 Thus, these three lines are equivalent:
echo("hello, world");
ECHO("hello, world");
EcHo("hello, world");
 Variables, on the other hand, are case-sensitive.
 That is, $name, $NAME, and $NaME are three different variables.

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PHP- Semicolons:
 Statements in PHP are terminated with a semicolon ;.
 Omitting the semicolon at the end of a statement can lead to syntax errors.
$variable = 42; // Valid
echo "Hello, World"; // Valid

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PHP Function Names :
 They are not case-sensitive, which means you can call them with different letter casing,
 But it's a good practice to use lowercase letters for function names.
 Function names must start with a letter or an underscore, followed by letters, numbers, and underscores.
 Example of valid function names
myFunction();
process_data();
_helperFunction();
<?php
function myFunction(lists of arguments)
{
Code to be executed
}
?>
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PHP Constants:
 Constants in PHP are typically written in uppercase letters with underscores separating
words.
 By convention, they are often defined at the top of a script or in a configuration file.
 Constants are case-sensitive.
 Example of valid constants:
define('PI', 3.14159);
define('DB_HOST', 'localhost');
define('MAX_USERS', 100);
const PI=3.14;
 It's important to note that PHP is case-sensitive when it comes to variable names and class
names but not for function names.
 Therefore, you must use the correct letter casing when referencing variables and class
names.
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PHP Keywords :
 Keywords in PHP are reserved words that have special meanings and purposes within the
PHP language.
 These words cannot be used as identifiers (e.g., variable names, function names, class
names)
 Here is a list of some of the most common keywords in PHP :
1. Basic Keywords:
 Echo : Used to output data to the browser.
 print : Similar to echo, used to output data.
 return: Used to return a value from a function.
 include: Used to include and evaluate a specified file.
 require: Used to include and evaluate a specified file, and it's considered fatal if the file is not found.
 include_once: Similar to include, but ensures the file is included only once.
 require_once: Similar to require, but ensures the file is included only once.
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PHP Keywords :
2. Control Structures
 if: Used to conditionally execute code.
 else: Used in conjunction with if to execute code when the condition is false.
 elseif or else if: Used to add additional conditions in an if statement.
 while: Used to create a loop that executes code while a condition is true.
 for: Used to create a loop with a specific initialization, condition, and increment.
 foreach: Used to loop through arrays and objects.
 switch: Used to create a switch statement for multiple condition checks.
 case: Used within a switch statement to specify different cases.
 break: Used to exit a loop or a switch statement.
 continue: Used to skip the current iteration of a loop.
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PHP Keywords :
3. Data Types:
 int, integer: Used to represent integer data types.
 float, double: Used to represent floating-point (decimal) data types.
 string: Used to represent string data types.
 bool, boolean: Used to represent Boolean data types.
 array: Used to represent arrays.
 object: Used to represent objects.
 null: Used to represent the absence of a value.

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PHP Keywords :
4. Classes and Objects:
 class: Used to define a class.
 new: Used to create an instance of a class.
 this: Used to refer to the current object within a class.
 public, private, protected: Used to specify the visibility of class members (properties
and methods).
 static: Used to define static methods and properties within a class.

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PHP Keywords :
6. Other Keywords:
 global: Used to access a global variable from within a function.
 const: Used to define class constants.
 define: Used to define global constants.

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PHP Array Operators:

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PHP Array Operators:

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PHP DECISION MAKING/Control Structure:

 They have the same steps as we have been learnt in JavaScript

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PHP LOOPS:
 PHP supports four different types of loops.
1. for loop
2. while loop Has the same structure as in JavaScript
3. do-while loop
4. foreach loop

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PHP LOOPS:
foreach loop:
 The foreach statement is used to loop through arrays.
 For each pass the value of the current array element is assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved
by one and in the next pass next element will be processed.
Syntax:
foreach (array_element as value)
{ //code to be executed
}

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GET vs. POST
 Both GET and POST create an array (e.g. array( key1 => value1, key2 => value2, key3 => value3, ...)).
 This array holds key/value pairs, where keys are the names of the form controls and values are the input
data from the user.
 Both GET and POST are treated as $_GET and $_POST.
 These are superglobals, which means that they are always accessible, regardless of scope.
 You can access them from any function, class or file without having to do anything special.
 $_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters.
 $_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST method.

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When to use GET?
 Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (all variable names and
values are displayed in the URL).
 GET also has limits on the amount of information to send.
 The limitation is about 2000 characters.
 However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page.
 This can be useful in some cases.
 GET may be used for sending non-sensitive data.
 Note: GET should NEVER be used for sending passwords or other sensitive information!

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When to use POST?
 Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others
 All names/values are embedded within the body of the HTTP request) and has no limits on the amount
of information to send.
 Moreover POST supports advanced functionality such as support for multi-part binary input while
uploading files to server.
 However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark the page.
 Developers prefer POST for sending form data.

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PHP Form Handling
 The PHP superglobals $_GET and $_POST are used to collect form-data.
 The example below displays a simple HTML form with two input fields and a submit
button:

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PHP File Uploading
 Uploading files to a server using PHP is a common task that can be accomplished with a few steps.
 However, it's important to handle file uploads securely to prevent potential security risks.

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Create Cookies With PHP
 A cookie is created with the setcookie() function.

 The following example creates a cookie named "user" with the value “ John Doe".
 The cookie will expire after 30 days (86400 * 30).
 The "/" means that the cookie is available in entire website (otherwise, select the directory you prefer).
 We then retrieve the value of the cookie "user" (using the global variable $_COOKIE).
 We also use the isset() function to find out if the cookie is set:

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Create Cookies With PHP

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Connect PHP to MySQL
What is MySQL?
 MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS).
 It is the most popular database system used with PHP.
 Structured Query Language (SQL).
 The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables that consist of columns and rows.
 MySQL is a database system that runs on a server.
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.
 MySQL is a very fast, reliable, and easy-to-use database system.
 It uses standard SQL.
 MySQL compiles on a number of platforms.

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Connect PHP to MySQL

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MySQL Query in PHP
Creating Database

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MySQL Query in PHP
Creating Table

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MySQL Query in PHP
Data Inserting

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MySQL Query in PHP
Fetching Data

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 END OF
CHAPTER
FIVE
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